‘Beer yeast’ (liquid brewery waste) for sheep and pig feeding: epidemiological and clinical aspects of the poisoning, safety margin and prevention

Aragão, Ana Paula; Brust, Luis Armando C.; Galvão, Alexandre; Caldas, Saulo A.; Nogueira, Vivian A.; Santos, Bartolomeu B.N.; França, Ticiana N.; Peixoto, Paulo V.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-7112

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Livestock Diseases • Pesq. Vet. Bras. 43 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-7112 copy

‘Beer yeast’ (liquid brewery waste) for sheep and pig feeding: epidemiological and clinical aspects of the poisoning, safety margin and prevention

“Levedo de cerveja” (resíduo líquido de cervejaria) para alimentação de ovinos e suínos: aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da intoxicação, margem de segurança e prevenção

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Considering the practice of using ‘brewer’s yeast’ (BY) - liquid brewery yeast waste from the brewing industry - in animal feed in some establishments in the south of the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, this study was conducted to establish safety margins and to determine epidemiological and clinical aspects. In addition, this study suggested prophylactic measures that can prevent or minimise alcohol intoxication due to BY in sheep and swine. The main characteristics of the clinical features in both natural poisoning and controlled spontaneous ingestion in swine as well as intoxication by controlled ingestion of BY using a ruminal probe in sheep were found to be staggering gait, tripping and falls. Overall, 3.8 and 8.875mL/kg of ethanol content in the BY caused mild-moderate and severe clinical conditions, respectively, in swine and sheep. The following prophylactic measures are suggested: 1. BY must be adequately diluted in water, whey, or with BY that has been previously stored in the property (old BY); 2. It must be administered in proportion to the animals’ weight and size. 3. It must be administered continuously, without interruptions, and with the provision of other food in the trough (such as soybean meal or cornmeal and water ad libitum). In conclusion, although BY is increasingly used in sheep and swine breeding properties - in the south of the State of Rio de Janeiro - many owners use one or more of the suggested prophylactic measures. Hence, ethanol intoxications because of BY are infrequent and rarely cause deaths; therefore, BY can be used provided adequate prophylactic measures are followed.

INDEX TERMS:
Beer yeast; ethanol poisoning; sheep; swine

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[1] *Corresponding author: pfpeixoto19@gmail.com

Animal	Weight	Alcohol content of BY	Dose/Dosage of BY	Onset of symptoms	Type of intoxication	Main clinical findings	Clotting time
Sheep 1	16kg	7.1%	2L/125mL/kg	20 minutes	Severe	Shocks against obstacles, slight hypermetry, crossing of limbs and atypical postures, such as the abduction of the limbs and delay in their correction, were observed; the condition evolved to trips, falls and even a momentary inability to get up. During grazing, the sheep showed instability and staggering. As the condition progressed, the animal fell asleep and took a long time to wake up even after external stimulation. In recumbency, the animal could not support its head and presented with mild-moderate salivation and moderate bloating; it discreetly gritted the teeth with eructation whenever manipulated during the clinical examination	18 h
Sheep 2	12.5kg	7.1%	1.5L/120mL/kg	10 minutes	Severe	Fell into lateral recumbency, was unable to get up and did not respond to external stimuli. Moreover, moderate-severe nystagmus, mild salivation and moderate bloating were observed; the animal belched, urinated and gnashed its teeth during the clinical examination. Within 18 hours and 15 minutes of progression, the sheep began to respond to external stimuli; however, it could not remain stationary (limbs without tone).	24 h
Sheep 3	28.5kg	3.4%	3.5L/123mL/kg	41 minutes	Mild	Gritting of the teeth, mild-moderate apathy, alterations in the positioning of the limbs, mild instability progressing to tripping, falls and difficulty in getting up. The animal maintained normal appetite and urinary excretion.	7 h
Sheep 4	17kg	3.4%	2.5L/147mL/kg	50 minutes	Moderate	Gritting of the teeth, mild apathy, mild nystagmus that worsened in the lateral decubitus position, alterations in the positioning of the limbs, accentuated instability progressing to trips and falls with momentary inability to get up. In the stationary position, the sheep moved its head towards the flank; however, when stimulated to walk, the sheep’s head returned to the normal position.	7h
Sheep 5	18kg	3.4%	2L/125mL/kg	13 minutes	Mild to moderate	Gritting of the teeth, moderate apathy, mild nystagmus, alterations in the positioning of the limbs, moderate instability progressing to tripping and falls; however, difficulty in getting up was not observed.	6 h

Animal	Weight (kg)	Total dose of ethanol (mL)	Dose of ethanol per kg	Age	Clinical condition
Sheep 1	16	142	8.875 mL	5 months	Severe
Sheep 2	12.5	106	8.48 mL	5 months	Severe
Sheep 3	28.5	119	4.176 mL	1 year and 6 months	Mild
Sheep 4	17	85	5 mL	1 year and 2 months	Moderate
Sheep 5	18	68	3.8 mL	1 year	Mild to moderate