Antimicrobial resistance evaluation of bacteria isolated from infections in small animals in the Umuarama region, Paraná

Souza, Marilia M.; Bordin, Jéssica T.; Pavan, Ana Cláudia L.; Rodrigues, Raquel G.A.; Sfaciotte, Ricardo A.P.; Vignoto, Vanessa K.C.; Ferrante, Marcos; Wosiacki, Sheila R.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6420

ABSTRACT:

Bacterial resistance is shown to be an inevitable side effect due to the excessive use of antibiotics, becoming a significant concern worldwide. Knowledge of regional bacterial resistance profiles enables the development of site-specific infection control practices, making conscious and moderate use of commercially available antibiotics. The aim of this study was the retrospective evaluation of the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from companion animal infections in the region of Umuarama/PR, from 2013 to 2017. This research was performed by analyzing the database belonging to the “Laboratório de Microbiologia Animal” at the “Universidade Estadual de Maringá” (UEM). Staphylococcus spp. represented 45.53% of the bacteria isolated from clinical infections in small animals in the period and place evaluated, followed by enterobacteria (34.04%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB, 11.06%) and Streptococcus/Enterococcus (9.36%). A high number of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine was found. The lowest resistances associated with the best impact factor values were found for aminoglycosides, especially amikacin, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin). Intermediate results were found for sulbactam-associated ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin. According to the number of resistant antimicrobial drugs, 64.26% (151/235) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, being 15.32% extensively resistant. Considering the resistance to antimicrobial classes, 68.94% (162/235) of the isolates were classified as multiresistant, being 19.15% extensively resistant. No bacterial strains were characterized as pan-resistant, but ten bacteria were resistant to all classes tested, with isolated susceptibility to certain drugs. Through the evaluation of resistance profiles found in the period and place studied and relevant literature, it is clear that there is a growing increase in the number of multiresistant bacteria among domestic animals which characterizes a serious risk to public health. The therapeutic arsenal is becoming increasingly diminished, and there is more difficulty in empirical drug selection, making antimicrobial susceptibility testing essential for more specific selection in antimicrobial therapy. Educational measures on the conscious use of antibiotics, infection control, and prevention of local specific zoonoses need to be instituted for the knowledge of health professionals and general access of the population.

INDEX TERMS:
Antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; infection; small animals; Brazil; antibiotics; multiresistance; dogs; cats

[1] *Corresponding author: srwosiacki@uem.br

		Staphylococcus spp.	Enterococcus spp.	Streptococcus spp.	Enterobacterales	Pseudomonas spp.	Acinetobacter baumannii
Penicillin G	10U	≥ 29 ^a	≥ 15 ^a	≥ 24 ^a	-	- ^a
Ampicillin	10 μg		≥ 17 ^a	≥ 24 ^a	≥ 17 ^a	- ^a
Amoxacillin	10 μg	pen e oxa ^a	pen e oxa ^a	amp ^a	amp ^a	- ^a
Ampicillin + sulbactam	20 μg			- ^a	≥ 14 ^b	- ^a
Amoxacillin + clavulonate	30 μg			- ^a	≥ 19 ^a	- ^a
Oxacillin	1 μg	≥ 18 ^a	- ^a	≥ 20	- ^a	- ^a
Cefoxitin	30 μg	≥ 22 ^a	IR ^a		≥ 19 ^b	- ^a
Cephalothin/Cephalexin	30 μg	pen e oxa ^a	IR ^a		≥ 14 ^b
Ceftazidime	30 μg		IR ^a		≥ 22 ^b	≥ 17 ^b
Cefotaxime	30 μg		IR ^a			≥ 23 ^c
Ceftriaxone	30 μg	pen e oxa ^a	IR ^a	≥ 24 ^a	≥ 25 ^a	≥ 21 ^c
Cefepime	30 μg	pen e oxa ^a	IR ^a	≥ 24 ^a	≥ 27 ^b	≥ 21 ^b
Aztreonam	30 μg	IR ^a,b	IR ^a		≥ 26 ^b	≥ 16 ^b
Meropenem	10 μg	pen e oxa ^a	- ^a		≥ 22 ^a	≥ 24 ^b	≥ 21 ^b
Imipenem	10 μg	pen e oxa ^a	≥ 21 ^b		≥ 23 ^a	≥ 19 ^a	≥ 23 ^b
Vancomycin	30 μg	≥ 18 ^d	≥ 17 ^a	≥ 17 ^a	IR ^a
Teicoplamine	30 μg	van ^a	- ^a ≥ 16 ^b	≥ 17 ^b	IR ^a
Linezolid	30 μg	≥ 21 ^b	- ^a ≥ 19 ^b	≥ 19 ^a	IR ^a
Amikacin	30 μg	≥ 18 ^a	IR ^a	- ^a	≥ 17 ^a	≥ 17 ^a	≥ 19 ^b
Gentamicin	10 μg	≥ 15 ^a	IR ^a ≥ 8 ^b	- ^a	≥ 16 ^a	≥ 16 ^a	≥ 17 ^b
Streptomycin	10 μg	-	IR ^a ≥ 14 ^b	- ^a	≥ 15 ^a		≥ 17 ^b
Tobramycin	10 μg	≥ 18 ^b	IR ^a	- ^a	≥ 17 ^a	≥ 16 ^b
Erythromycin	15 μg	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 21 ^a	IR ^a
Azithromyx	15 μg			≥ 18 ^a	IR ^a
Clindamycin	2 μg	≥ 21 ^a	IR ^a	≥ 17 ^a	IR ^a
Rifampicin	5 μg	≥ 20 ^a	≥ 20 ^a	≥ 21 ^a	- ^a
Chloramphenicol	30 μg	≥ 18 ^a	≥ 18 ^a	≥ 19 ^a	≥ 18 ^a
Tetracycline	30 μg	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 19 ^a	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 15 ^a
Doxycycline	30 μg	≥ 25 ^a	≥ 16 ^a	≥ 28 ^a	≥ 14 ^a
Sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim	23.7/1.25 μg	≥ 16 ^a	IR ^a	≥ 19 ^a	≥ 16 ^a
Enrofloxacin	10 μg	≥ 23 ^a	- ^a	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 23 ^a	≥ 23 ^a
Norfloxacin	10 μg	≥ 17 ^b	≥ 12 ^a	≥ 12 ^a	≥ 22 ^a	≥ 17 ^c
Ciprofloxacin	5 μg	≥ 21 ^b	- ^a		- ^a ≥ 26 ^b	≥ 26 ^b	≥ 21 ^b
Levofloxacin	5 μg	≥ 22 ^b	- ^a	≥ 17 ^a	- ^a ≥ 23 ^b	≥ 22 ^b	≥ 23 ^b

Identification			n	%
Gram-positive		Staphylococcus spp.	106	45.10
		Micrococcus spp.	1	0.43
		Enterococcus spp.	11	4.68
		Streptococcus spp.	6	2.55
		Streptococus/Enterococcus	5	2.13
	Total		129	54.89
Gram-negative	Enterobacteriales	Escherichia coli	11	4.68
		Escherichia fergusoni	6	2.55
		Salmonella spp.	4	1.70
		Citrobacter spp.	3	1.28
		Citrobacter braakii	2	0.85
		Citrobacter freundii	1	0.43
		Citrobacter youngae	1	0.43
		Proteus mirabilis	5	2.13
		Proteus spp.	2	0.85
		Proteus vulgaris	1	0.43
		Klebsiella pneumoniae	3	1.28
		Klebsiella oxytoca	1	0.43
		Klebsiella ozaenae	1	0.43
		Morganella morganii	4	1.70
		Enterobacter amnogenus 2	2	0.85
		Enterobacter sakazakii	1	0.43
		Enterobacter cloacae	2	0.85
		Enterobacter cancerogenus	3	1.28
		Enterobacter spp.	1	0.43
		Hafnia alvei	3	1.28
		Serratia spp.	2	0.85
		Serratia liquefaciens	1	0.43
		Providencia spp.	3	1.28
		Plesiomonas shigelloides	1	0.43
		Yersinia frederiksenii	1	0.43
		Yersinia enterocolitica	1	0.43
		Yernisia pseudotuberculosis	1	0.43
		Yersinia intermedius	1	0.43
		Yersinia spp.	1	0.43
		Shigela boydii sorogrupo C	1	0.43
		Leclercia adecarboxylata	2	0.85
		Ralstonia picketti va2	1	0.43
		Kluyvera ascorbata	1	0.43
		Not identified	6	2.55
	Total		80	34.04
	Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	19	8.09
		Acinetobacter baumannii	2	0.85
		Burkholderia pseudomallei	1	0.43
		Ochrobactrum anthropi	1	0.43
		Chromobacterium violaceum	1	0.43
		Brevundimonas vesicularis	1	0.43
		Not identified	1	0.43
	Total		26	11.06
TOTAL			235	100%

System	Infection site	Staphylococcus spp.		Enterococcus/ Streptococcus spp.		Enterobacterales		NFGNB		Total
System	Infection site	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Integumentary	Skin / Attachments	47	47.96	10	10.20	32	32.65	9	9.18	98	41.70
Sensory	Otological	40	57.97	4	5.8	15	21.74	10	14.49	69	83.13
	Ophthalmic	4	57.14	0	-	1	14.29	2	28.50	7	8.43
	Nasal	3	42.86	0	-	4	57.14	0	-	7	8.43
Urinary	Urine	10	31.25	6	18.75	14	43.75	2	6.25	32	13.60
Female breeder	Vaginal	1	10.00	0	-	7	70.00	2	20.00	10	4.26
Others	Body fluids	2	50.00	1	25.00	1	25.00	0	-	4	33.33
Others	Not identified	0	-	1	12.50	6	75.00	1	12.50	8	66.67
TOTAL		107	45.53	22	9.36	80	34.04	26	11.06	235	100.00

Resistance	Staphylococcus spp.		Enterococcus/ Streptococcus spp.		Enterobacterales		NFGNB		Total
Resistance	MDR	MAR	MDR	MAR	MDR	MAR	MDR	MAR	MDR	MAR
>0.3/>0.2	70	64	18	17	61	58	13	12	162	151
>0.8	21	22	2	5	19	9	3	0	45	36
1	6	0	1	0	3	0	0	0	10	0
MDR	49	42	16	12	42	49	10	12	117	115
XDR	21	22	2	5	19	9	3	0	45	36
Non-Resistant	37	43	4	5	19	22	13	14	73	84
TOTAL	107	107	22	22	80	80	26	26	235	235

Brasil

Brasil

Antimicrobial resistance evaluation of bacteria isolated from infections in small animals in the Umuarama region, Paraná

Avaliação da resistência antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de infecções em pequenos animais na região de Umuarama, Paraná

ABSTRACT: