Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>)

This study evaluated palatine tonsils from 327 water buffaloes collected in a slaughterhouse located in the city of Belém, Pará State, Brazil, over four months (nine sample collecting visits). The overwhelming majority (84.71%) of these buffaloes came from Marajó Island, Pará State, Brazil. The main pathological findings were crypt dilatations/keratin cysts (96.0%, 314 cases), mild to moderate follicular lymphoid hyperplasia (93.0%, 304 cases), crypt abscesses (79.8%, 261 cases), tonsillar corpuscles (31.2%, 102 cases) and tuberculoid granulomas (1.53%, 5 cases). Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) were observed in 20% (1 out of 5 cases) of these granulomas. The study indicates that pathological evaluation of tonsils in buffaloes can provide details of structural features of the organ in the species and information on subclinical or asymptomatic tonsillitis.

INDEX TERMS:
Buffaloes; Bubalus bubalis ; tonsils; lesions; tuberculosis; abscesses

Authorship

Maria A.S. Teixeira

Graduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Castanhal, BR-316 Km 61, Bairro Saudade, Castanhal, PA 68746-360, Brazil. Universidade Federal do ParáBrazilCastanhal, PA, BrazilGraduate Program in Animal Health in the Amazon, Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Campus Castanhal, BR-316 Km 61, Bairro Saudade, Castanhal, PA 68746-360, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6353-4865

Márcio A.O. Moura

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5852-5609

Gerson B.E. González

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-9242

Claudina R.S. Pires

Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Av. dos Bragantinos s/n, Vila Sinhá, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do ParáBrazilBragança, PA, BrazilDepartamento de Recursos Naturais, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Av. dos Bragantinos s/n, Vila Sinhá, Bragança, PA 68600-000, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-9934

Tiago F.S. Santos

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-3875

Gabriela Riet-Correa

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3218-4169

Valíria D. Cerqueira

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-9849

Pedro S. Bezerra Júnior^**Corresponding author: pedrobezerra@ufpa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1014-2999

*Corresponding author: pedrobezerra@ufpa.br

Conflict of interest statement.- The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (2)

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Fig.1.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Map of the origin of the buffalo included in the study, in Castanhal/PA, 2022.

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Fig.2-5.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Palatine tonsil of a buffalo. Keratin dilatation and cyst in the crypts. (2) Buffalo TO 211: Keratin cyst partially filled with brownish gelatinous material. (3) Buffalo TO 203: Slight dilatation of the crypt, with small numbers of nucleated keratinocytes in the lumen (arrow), with a margin below forming an acute angle. HE, obj.10x. (4) Buffalo TO 99: Moderate dilatation of the crypt, with large numbers of nucleated keratinocytes in the lumen, with a rounded crypt margin above and an obtuse angle below. HE, obj.5x. (5) Buffalo TO 54: Marked dilatation of the crypt (keratin cyst), lumen containing a large amount of keratin, with a small number of nucleated cells; note rounded edges of the crypt. HE, obj.10x.

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Fig.6-9.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Crypt abscesses. (6) Buffalo TO 280: Abscess filled with yellowish purulent exudate (arrow); the dried appearance of the exudate is due to the fixation of the specimen; in the fresh specimen, the consistency was pasty. (7) Buffalo TO 186: Crypt filled with inflammatory cells, area of lymphoepithelium or reticulation (RE) of the crypt epithelium with tonsillar corpuscles (TC) at the base of the epithelium and moderate lymphoid hyperplasia. HE, obj.5x. (8) Buffalo TO 202: Distended crypt with inflammatory cells and basophilic bacterial colonies (BC) on the surface. HE, obj.10x. (9) Buffalo TO 177: Crypt with numerous inflammatory cells (IC), basophilic bacterial colonies (CB) and plant fibers (arrow). HE, obj.20x.

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Fig.10-13.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions compatible with tuberculosis. (10) Buffalo TO 75: Scattered foci of caseous necrosis (arrows). (11) Buffalo TO 75: Granulomatous inflammation with Langhans giant cells (LC), macrophages and lymphocytes in the parenchyma of the tonsil. HE, obj.40x. (12) Buffalo TO 167: Extensive area of caseous necrosis with mineralization (arrow). (13) Buffalo TO 167: Tonsillar parenchyma with extensive areas of caseous necrosis and basophilic foci of central mineralization (arrows). HE, obj.20x.

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Fig.14-17.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Tonsillar corpuscles. (14) Buffalo TO 186: numerous tonsillar corpuscles in the basal layer of the crypt epithelium and the subepithelial lymphoid tissue (arrow). HE, obj.20x. (15) Buffalo TO 94: Keratin pearl (arrow) at the base of the crypt epithelium and hyperplastic lymphoid follicle. HE, obj.20x. (16) TO 186: Numerous corpuscles with a similar distribution to Figure 14. HE, obj.20x. (17) Buffalo 186: Presence of calcium salts in the tonsillar corpuscles (arrow). Von Kossa staining, obj.40x.

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Table 1.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Crypt dilatation/keratin cyst

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Table 2.
Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Crypt abscess

Fig.1. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Map of the origin of the buffalo included in the study, in Castanhal/PA, 2022.

Fig.2-5. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Palatine tonsil of a buffalo. Keratin dilatation and cyst in the crypts. (2) Buffalo TO 211: Keratin cyst partially filled with brownish gelatinous material. (3) Buffalo TO 203: Slight dilatation of the crypt, with small numbers of nucleated keratinocytes in the lumen (arrow), with a margin below forming an acute angle. HE, obj.10x. (4) Buffalo TO 99: Moderate dilatation of the crypt, with large numbers of nucleated keratinocytes in the lumen, with a rounded crypt margin above and an obtuse angle below. HE, obj.5x. (5) Buffalo TO 54: Marked dilatation of the crypt (keratin cyst), lumen containing a large amount of keratin, with a small number of nucleated cells; note rounded edges of the crypt. HE, obj.10x.

Fig.6-9. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Crypt abscesses. (6) Buffalo TO 280: Abscess filled with yellowish purulent exudate (arrow); the dried appearance of the exudate is due to the fixation of the specimen; in the fresh specimen, the consistency was pasty. (7) Buffalo TO 186: Crypt filled with inflammatory cells, area of lymphoepithelium or reticulation (RE) of the crypt epithelium with tonsillar corpuscles (TC) at the base of the epithelium and moderate lymphoid hyperplasia. HE, obj.5x. (8) Buffalo TO 202: Distended crypt with inflammatory cells and basophilic bacterial colonies (BC) on the surface. HE, obj.10x. (9) Buffalo TO 177: Crypt with numerous inflammatory cells (IC), basophilic bacterial colonies (CB) and plant fibers (arrow). HE, obj.20x.

Fig.10-13. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions compatible with tuberculosis. (10) Buffalo TO 75: Scattered foci of caseous necrosis (arrows). (11) Buffalo TO 75: Granulomatous inflammation with Langhans giant cells (LC), macrophages and lymphocytes in the parenchyma of the tonsil. HE, obj.40x. (12) Buffalo TO 167: Extensive area of caseous necrosis with mineralization (arrow). (13) Buffalo TO 167: Tonsillar parenchyma with extensive areas of caseous necrosis and basophilic foci of central mineralization (arrows). HE, obj.20x.

Fig.14-17. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of buffaloes. Tonsillar corpuscles. (14) Buffalo TO 186: numerous tonsillar corpuscles in the basal layer of the crypt epithelium and the subepithelial lymphoid tissue (arrow). HE, obj.20x. (15) Buffalo TO 94: Keratin pearl (arrow) at the base of the crypt epithelium and hyperplastic lymphoid follicle. HE, obj.20x. (16) TO 186: Numerous corpuscles with a similar distribution to Figure 14. HE, obj.20x. (17) Buffalo 186: Presence of calcium salts in the tonsillar corpuscles (arrow). Von Kossa staining, obj.40x.

Table 1. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Crypt dilatation/keratin cyst

Type of lesion	Intensity				Total
Type of lesion	Distribution	Mild	Moderate	Marked	Total
Crypt dilatation/cyst	Focal	3 (0.96%)	0	0	3 (0.96%)
Crypt dilatation/cyst	Multifocal	123 (39.17%)	119 (37.90%)	69 (21.97%)	311 (99.04%)
TOTAL		126 (49.13%)	119 (37.90%)	69 (21.97%)	314

Table 2. Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): Crypt abscess

Crypt abscess	Distribution	Intensity		Sum
		Mild	Moderate	Changes	Percentage
With inflammatory cells only	Focal	4 (1.53%)	0	22	8.42
	Multifocal	17 (6.51%)	1 (0.38%)
Inflammatory cells+bacteria	Focal	26 (9.96%)	4 (1.53%)	115	44.05
	Multifocal	55 (21.07%)	30 (11.49%)
Inflammatory cells+plant fibers	Focal	2 (0.76%)	1 (0.38%)	12	6.12
	Multifocal	8 (3.06%)	1 (0.38%)
Inflammatory cells+bacteria+plant fibers	Focal	12 (4.60%)	0	112	42.91
	Multifocal	62 (23.75%)	38 (14.56%)
GRAND TOTAL OF CHANGES		186 (71.26%)	75 (28.72%)	261

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Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Caixa Postal 74.591, 23890-000 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 21) 2682-1081 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
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Pathological changes in palatine tonsils of slaughtered water buffaloes (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>)

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[1] *Corresponding author: pedrobezerra@ufpa.br