Relationship Between Facebook Problematic use and Pathological Personality Traits: a Systematic Review

Ferrari, Bárbara Letícia; Carvalho, Lucas de Francisco; Sette, Catarina Possenti

doi:10.1590/1413-82712021260305

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Papers • Psico-USF 26 (3) • Jul-Sep 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712021260305 copy

Relationship Between Facebook Problematic use and Pathological Personality Traits: a Systematic Review

Relação Entre uso Problemático do Facebook e Traços Patológicos da Personalidade: uma Revisão Sistemática

Relación Entre uso Problemático de Facebook y Características Patológicos de la Personalidad: una Revisión Sistemática

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

We aimed to investigate relationships between Facebook problematic use (Facebook PU) and pathological traits of personality, by a systematic review. The literature search was proceeded based on a search strategy including the keywords “Facebook”, “problematic use” and “personality”. We found a total of 236 publications and selected 21 papers for full verification. All of them were excluded, characterizing an empty review. As an attempt to increase the probability of finding eligible publications, first, we have broadened the search of the systematic review from “Facebook” to “social network sites” (and variations); and then from “social network sites” to “internet”. Regarding this last change, the final set of publications after full reading based on the eligibility criteria was composed by 15 papers. We emphasize that there was no empirical evidence on the relationship between Facebook PU and pathological traits of personality. Given the proximity between Facebook PU and internet addiction, it is possible to hypothesize that there is a relationship between pathological traits (i.e., Neuroticism, Impulsivity, and Psychoticism) and Facebook PU.

Keywords:
personality disorder; internet (addiction); nonchemical dependency; literature review

Nº	Authors (Year)	Country	Journal	Personality traits	Sample/Age	Measures of Internet	Measures of Personality	Objective	Results
3	Müller et al. (2013*Müller, K. W., Koch, A., Dickenhorst, U., Beutel, M. E., Duven, E., & Wölfling, K. (2013). Addressing the Question of Disorder-Specfic Risk Factors of Internet Addiction: A Comparison of Personality Thaits in Patients with Addictive Behaviors and Comorbid Internet Addiction. BioMed Research International. doi: 10.1155/2013/546342 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/546342... )	German	BioMed Research International	Neuroticism	N = 118 male patients^a; n=70 patients^b/ M=29,3 years; n=48 patients^c/ M=31,7 years	AICA-S	NEO-FFI	Compare personality profiles of patients in different rehabilitation centers.	IA group > alcohol group: neuroticism.
7	Floros, Siomos, Stogiannidou, Giouzepas, & Garyfallos (2014*Floros, G., Siomos, K., Stogiannidou, A., Giouzepas, I., & Garyfallos, G. (2014). Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with Internet addiction in a clinical sample: The effect of personality, defense style and psychopathology. Addictive Behaviors, 39(12), 1839-1845. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.031 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07... )	Greece	Addictive Behaviors	PD^j	N=50 university students^d; 39 males/ M=21,03 years; 11 female/ M=22,64 years	OCS	ZKPQ	Investigate relationship between IA, personality and psychopathology.	Patients with IA: 22% narcissistic, 10% borderline, 4% obsessive compulsive, 2% schizotypal and antisocial, each; β_{3 ZKPQ factors} → IAD: impulsivity, neuroticism-anxiety, and sensation seeking.
7		Greece	Addictive Behaviors	ZKPQ^k		OCS	ZKPQ
14	Bernardi & Pallanti (2009*Bernardi, S. & Pallanti, S. (2009). Internet addiction: a descriptive clinical study focusing on comorbidities and dissociative symptoms. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50(6), 510-516. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2008.11.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2008... )	Italy	Comprehensive Psychiatry	PDⁱ	N=50 outpatients/M= 23,33 years; n=15 patientsb	Young's IAS	SCID-II	Investigate the relationship between dissociative symptoms and IA; evaluate the comorbidities between PDs and IA^e.	Patients with IA: 14% borderline, 7% obsessive compulsive and 7% avoidant.
20	Wu, Ko, & Lane (2016*Wu, J. Y., Ko, H., & Lane, H. (2016). Personality Disorders in Female and Male College Students with Internet Addiction. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(3). doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000452 https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.000000000000... )	Taiwan	The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease	PDⁱ	N=556 university students (61.3% female); n=73b (56,1% male)	CIAS	Personality Disorder Factor Scale	Investigate the comorbidities of PD in students with and without IA.	IA group > non-IA group: scores on borderline, narcissistic, avoidant and dependent PD; ♂ with IA: higher frequency of narcissistic PD; ♀ with IA: higher frequency of borderline, narcissist, avoidant and dependence PD.
21	Senormanci et al. (2014*Senormanci, O., Saraçli, O., Atasoy, N., Senormanci, G., Koktürk, F., & Atik, L. (2014). Relationship of Internet addiction with cognitive style, personality, and depression in university students. Comprehensive Psychiatry , 55(6), 1385-1390. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2014... )	Turkey	Comprehensive Psychiatry	Neuroticism and psychoticism	N=720 university students (50,2% female)/ M=19 years; n=52^b (71,1% male)	IAS	EPQR-A	Investigate the relationship of dysfunctional attitude, self-esteem, personality and depression with students diagnosed with IA^f.	IA group > non-IA group: neuroticism and psychoticism.
22	Dalbudaket al. (2013*Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Topcu, M., Aldemir, S., Coskun, K. S., Bozkurt, M., Evren, B., & Canbal, M. (2013). Relationship of internet addiction with impulsivity and severity of psychopathology among Turkish university students. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 1086-1091. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.... )	Turkey	Psychiatry Research	Impulsivity and psychoticism	N=319 university students (73,3% female)	IAS	BIS-11 and SCL-90R	Investigate the relationship between IA with impulsivity and severity of psychopathology.	Mild IA group: higher scores than the non-IA group in impulsivity; IA group > mild IA group: psychoticism; r_IA_impulsivity_psychoticism was positive; β_{3 factors of BIS-11} → IA.
23	Dong, Wang, Yang, & Zhou (2012*Dong, G., Wang, J., Yang, X., & Zhou, H. (2012). Risk personality traits of Internet addiction: a longitudinal study of Internet-addicted Chinese university students. Asia Pac Psychiatry, 5(4). doi: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012.00185.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2012... )	China	Journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists	Neuroticism and psychoticism	N=868 freshman students (51,5% male)/M=20,8 years	Young's IAT	EPQA	Investigate if β_personality → individuals diagnosed with IA.	Students with IA > non-IA: neuroticism and psychoticism; β_{neuroticism and psychoticism} → IA.
25	Yen, Ko, Yen, Chen, & Chen (2009*Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2009). The association between harmful alcohol use and Internet addiction among college students: comparison of personality. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 9(2), 97. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01943.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009... )	Taiwan	Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences	Impulsivity	N=1992 university students (70,8% female)/M=20,4 years.	CIAS	BIS	Evaluate the personality characteristics related to IA and to alcohol use.	r_IA*_impulsivity was positive.
27	Zadra et al. (2016*Zadra, S., Bischof, G., Besser, B., Bischof, A., Meyer, C., John, U., & Rumpf, H. (2016). The association between Internet addiction and personality disorders in a general population-based sample. Journal of behavior addictions, 5(4), 691-699. doi: 10.1556/2016.08 https://doi.org/10.1556/2016.08... )	Germany	Journal of Behavioral Addictions	PDⁱ; impulsivity	N=168 individuals^g; n=71^b	CIUS	SCID II e BIS-11	Investigate the relationship between PD and IA.	Individuals with IA > non-IA: more often PD; ♂ with IA > ♂ non-IA: Cluster C PD; BIS-11 ≠ significantly between participants with and without IA.
27		Germany	Journal of Behavioral Addictions	PDⁱ; impulsivity	N=168 individuals^g; n=71^b	CIUS	SCID II e BIS-11	Investigate the relationship between PD and IA.	Borderline was the only PD that presented significantly ≠s between individuals with IA and without IA. Individuals with IA and no Cluster B PD tend to show decrease in the IA symptoms in comparison to who does have some Cluster B PD.
28	Chang et al. (2015*Chang, W., Cheng, S., Sun, Z., Lee, I., Lee, C., Chen, K., Tsai, C., Yang, Y., & Yang, Y. (2015). The psychosocial indicators related to neuroticism in both sexes: A study of incoming university students. Kaoshiung Jounal of Medical Sciences, 31(4), 208-14. doi: 10.1016/j.kjms.2014.12.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2014.12.0... )	Taiwan	Journal of Medical Sciences	Neuroticism	N=4266 university students (66,2% male) 30,7%^h/ M=22,2 years	CIAS-R	Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory	Explore the differences in the relationship between neuroticism and psychosocial indicators, considering the sexes.	Group higher scores in neuroticism also obtained higher mean in IA, which was found in both sexes.
29	Tsai et al. (2009*Tsai, H. F., Cheng, S. H., Yeh, T. L., Shih, C. C., Chen, K. C., Yang, Y. C., et al. (2009). The risk factors of Internet addiction--a survey of university freshmen. Psychiatry Research , 167(3), 294-299. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2008.... )	Taiwan	Psychiatric Research	Neuroticism	N=1360 freshman students (n = 680 possible cases of IA)	CIAS-R	MPI	Investigate risk factors related to IA in college students.	Group with IA: higher means in neuroticism; _{βneuroticism} → risk of IA.
30	Dalbudak, Evren, Aldemir, & Evren (2014*Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., & Evren, B. (2014). The severity of internet addiction risk and its relationship with severity of borderline personality features, childhood traumas, dissociative experiences, depression and anxiety symptoms among Turkish University Students. Psychiatry Research , 219(3), 577-582. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.032 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.... )	Turkey	Psychiatry Research	Borderline	N=271 university students (59,4% female)	IAS	BPI	Investigate the relationship between IA risk and borderline traits.	r_IA*_borderline factors were found; β_{borderline personality traits} → IA scores.
31	Laconi, Andréoletti, Chauchard, Rodgers, & Chabrol (2016*Laconi, A., Andréoletti, A., Chauchard, E., Rodgers, R. F., & Chabrol, H. (2016). Problematic internet use, time spent online and personality traits. L’Encephala, 42(3), 214-218. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.12.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2015.12.... )	France	L' Encéphale	PDⁱ	N=276 participants^g (41% male)/ M=28 years	OCS	PDQ-4	Explore the relationship between internet and personality traits.	♂: r_{IA*personality traits} showed similar significant effects (~.27) for Cluster A and B, and for borderline, schizotypal, antisocial, and schizoid PD.
31		France	L' Encéphale	PDⁱ	N=276 participants^g (41% male)/ M=28 years	OCS	PDQ-4		♀: none of the PD presented relationship with IA.
32	Mottram & Fleming (2009*Mottram, A. J., Fleming, M. J. (2009). Extraversion, Impulsivity, and Online Group Membership as Predictors of Problematic Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(3), 319-21. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.0170 https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0170... )	Australia	CyberPsychology & Behavior	Impulsivity	N=272 undergraduate students (68% females), 17-56 years	IAT	UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale	Investigate predictor variables of the problematic use of Internet.	r_{one subscale of the UPPS (lack of perseverance}) *_IA: positive and significant
33	Wu, Ko, Tung & Li (2016*Wu, J., Ko, H., Tung, Y., & Li, C. (2016). Internet use expectancy for tension reduction and disinhibition mediates the relationship between borderline personality disorder features and Internet addiction among college students - One-year follow-up. Computers in Human Behavior , 55(B), 851-855. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.047 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.04... )	Taiwan	Computers in Human Behavior	Borderline PDⁱ	N=1826 students (1st data collection) and N=623 students (2nd data collection)	CIAS	BPDFS	Investigate if the characteristics of Borderline PD would increase the risk of the severity of IA.	Borderline PD symptoms: relationship with IA in both data; β_{first data collection was able} →severity of IA in the second data collection.

Note. In the table only the applicable results to the present systematic review are presented. AICA-S: Scale for the Assessment of Internet and Computer game Addiction; NEO-FFI: NEO Five Factors Inventory; IA: internet addiction; PD: personality disorder; ZKPQ: Zuckermann-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire; OCS: Online Cognitions Scale; IAD: internet addiction disorder; Young´s IAS: Young’s Internet Addiction Scale; SCID-II: Structured Clinical Interviews for DSM-IV; CIAS: Chinese Internet Addiction Scale; IAS: Internet Addiction Scale; EPQR-A: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised/Abbreviated Form; BIS-11: Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11; SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist- Revised; Young’s IAT: Young’s Internet Addiction Test; EPQ: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Adult; BIS: Behavior inhibition system; CIUS: Compulsive Internet Use Scale; CIAS-R: Chinese Internet Addiction
Scale-Revision; MPI: Maudsley Personality Inventory; BPI: Borderline Personality Inventory; PDQ-4: Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4; IAT: Internet Addiction Test; BPDFS: Borderline Personality Disorder Features Scale; a: rehabilitation centers; b: diagnostic of IA; c: diagnostic of alcohol dependence; d: registered in the volunteer service for counseling students with problematic internet use and with diagnostic of IA; e: in this study the Dissociative Experiences Scales was used to screening symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID); we did not used these results as DID is not considered as a PD in the diagnostic manual (APA, 2013American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.); f: in this study the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale was used to screening dysfunctional attitudes and beliefs, the back depression inventory was used to measuring symptoms of depression and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to measure global feelings of self-worth or self-acceptance; these results were not presented in our study as it´s not relevant to our goal; g: sample specificities (e.g., patient, students, etc.) were not given; h: cut-off from Neuroticism scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory was used to establishment of groups; i: PD diagnostic based on DSM-IV; j: narcissistic, borderline, obsessive compulsive, schizotypal and antisocial; k: subscales: impulsiveness, neuroticism-anxiety, sensation seeking, aggression-hostility, activity, and sociability.

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E-mail: revistapsico@usf.edu.br

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