Concordance measurement applying the Delphi method: proposal and evaluation of a set determinants factor of the Triple Helix existence

Oliveira, Antônio Honorato de; Marins, Fernando Augusto Silva; Delamaro, Maurício César

doi:10.1590/0103-6513.20200110

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Research Article • Prod. 31 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.20200110 copy

Concordance measurement applying the Delphi method: proposal and evaluation of a set determinants factor of the Triple Helix existence

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Paper aims

This article presents the development and results of research carried out to know the modus agendi of a Regional Triple Helix and measure the intensity of the presence of a set of factors proposed as determinants of its existence and consolidation.

Originality

This is an unprecedented contribution to research in TH, as it investigates how much an established regional reality matches the pattern of a modus agendi and a set of determining factors of its existence and consolidation.

Research method

The inductive basic research method was adopted, with qualitative and quantitative approach, exploratory and descriptive objective and field research, applying the e-Delphi method.

Main findings

A high degree of misalignment of perceptions was identified among respondents and the existence of a Triple Helix that is still consolidating.

Implications for theory and practice

The relevance of this article is corroborated by the unprecedented application of the calculation of three statistical indicators (CVI-h; CV; IR) in the e-Delphi method. Another important contribution of this research lies in the fact that it investigates the level of alignment of the modus agendi of a TH, with a set of determinant factors that indicate the existence and consolidation of this development.

Keywords
Triple helix; Delphi method; Concordance Validation Index; Concordance measurement; Enabling solutions; Innovation

Regarding the method	Inductive	Regarding procedures
As for nature	Applied
Regarding approaches	Qualitative	Bibliographic and documentary survey
	Quantitative	Survey
	Combined	Delphi method
As to type or modality	Exploratory	Field research
As to type or modality	Descriptive	Case study

Group	Government	Universities	Industries	Guests	Participants
1	X			9	5
2		X		9	5
3			X	7	5

Strongly disagree	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Strongly agreement
Strongly disagree	()	()	()	()	()	()	()	()	()	()	Strongly agreement
Respondent comments:

Calculations	Formulas		What measures or determines	Expected value range according to the consulted literature
Average	(1)	$\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i - 1}^{n} x_{i}$	The ratio of the sum of all elements in a data set.
Median	(2)	$M e d = x_{\frac{n + 1}{2}}$	The value that occupies the central position of the series of observations of a variable, in a roll, dividing the set in two equal parts.
Variance	(3)	$S^{2} = \frac{\sum (x - \bar{x})}{n - 1}$	Shows the variation around the measure.
Sample standard deviation	(4)	$S = \sqrt{\sum_{i = 1}^{N} \frac{{(x_{1} + \bar{x})}^{2}}{n - 1}}$	Shows the distance of each value in the data set in relation to the central mean value. The smaller, the closer the value is to the average.
Concordance Validation Index	(5)	$C V I (h) = \frac{\sum g}{\sum r}$	The degree of consensus measured about a proposition using n-point adapted Likert scale. Notes: (g = grades assigned) (r = maximum possible score)	≥ 0.7
Coefficient of Variation	(6)	$C V = \frac{S}{\bar{Χ}} \times 100$	The variation between data set measures on scales. Measures the variation relative to the average.	≤ 30%
Interquartile Range	(7)	$I R = (Q_{3} - Q_{1}) / Q_{1}$	The degree of a spread of data around the centrality measure. A measure of data dispersion around the population average.	≤ 40%

Specific objectives	Collection tools	Analisys tools
Identify and describe the agents of TH existing in the region object of the research.	Field, bibliographic and documentary research.	Document analysis
Identify the current status of the presence of a set of elements considered essential for the recognition of the existence and functionality of the TH model in the region.	Field research	Parametric and non-parametric statistics
	Field research	SPSS software
	e-Delphi Surveys and Survey	Stat Plus LE software

No.	Synthesis of the guiding determinant factors for the existence of the Triple Helix Model
1	The local TH should demonstrate an intensity of involvement and cooperation between the leaders of each member (University-Industry-Government), as a common objective and decisive factor for its existence and consolidation in a society.
	Less present						I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
2	Local educational institutions are present and committed to the development of their region, and in them, a significant number of teachers encourage their graduates to take advantage of and carry forward the technology developed in their laboratories, and these teachers work in parallel, in part or whole, in high-tech companies, as expected from a dynamic and advanced TH model.
	Less present							I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
3	Regular meetings are realized between government representatives, educational institutions, and industry, as well as with other community protagonists, to discuss local problems and potential, create bases for the strengthening of relations between TH members, towards to get joint discoveries for the challenges of development and preservation of local hegemony.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
4	In a vibrant TH, there is a continuous interaction between the university, the industries, and the government in the construction of partnerships, agreements, and constant performance in new development strategies and innovation practices resulting from this tripartite cooperation.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
5	The government's role in TH must be a mediator and supporter, acting, acting, among other ways, in creating spaces for the integration of makers, fab labs, public business incubators, and development agencies for innovation projects.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
6	In an active Triple Helix, the open system principle must be considered. For this, civil society needs to be represented as an adjunct to the initiatives of key members University and Government and as an opinion maker in industry research, especially in the field of innovations aimed at new uses and consumption trends.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
7	The existence and actions of a local Triple Helix must be known and accessible to everyone. The premise for the occurrence of collective protagonism must consider the participation of civil society, as a plaintiff or provider of facilitating solutions, while integrated with the processes of sharing open innovations.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
8	The corporate governance of TH must be exercised in a participatory manner. It is recommended to create a council acting as an advisor and mediator in decision-making involving eventual unilateral interests, to preserve reciprocity, involvement, and cooperation between members, seeking to ensure proximity, cordiality, and constructive relationships.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
9	To contribute as a key driver in a knowledge-based economy, and as an important player in social development, educational institutions need to test the theory of their discoveries in organizations in the public and private sectors. This bilateral cooperation should be encouraged and promoted by such sectors, through the provision of structural incentives and financial resources for research and development, especially in the field of innovations.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
10	The identity among the members of the TH must be created through an effective communication process between its three main representatives, University-Industry-Government, who must strip themselves of isolated interests in the political, ideological, and personal fields, to maintain themselves synergistically united around a common objective: development, progress and the existential continuum of cohabited space.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
11	Triple Helix's corporate governance must consider the periodic alternation of the power of direction and representation among its three constituents. For the plurality of perceptions to occur in the generations of effective contributions necessary for the success of the TH model, single, long-term governance must be avoided.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
12	In a TH, the participation of private venture capital based on partnerships depends, among other aspects, on a set of attractive conditions for investments based on the credibility, transmitted and perceived by the investor as to the solidity of the Government, as a promoter and financier of initiatives, of the University as a generator of applicable knowledge and the industry know-how to generate technological innovations and value-added goods.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
13	The performance of a TH in terms of the development of the economy and the progress of a locality does not depend only on its constitution. It requires the presence and sum of efforts promoted by other important peripheral sectors such as business accelerators, technology transfer agencies, export support agencies, cooperatives and unions, private sponsors, and financiers, among others.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
14	To consolidate itself in the region where a Triple Helix is inserted, through its members, it must generate results in terms of enabling solutions, which can create added value for local socio-economic development when compared to other regions where the model does not yet exist.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10
15	A fundamental condition for the consolidation of the University as part of a Triple Helix socially engaging is the existence of resources and the practice of activities that generate technical and scientific knowledge, such as own spaces or structured by partners, where co-working activities, scientific research, symposia, congresses, fairs, and lectures can be carried out.
	Less present				I perceive							More present
	1	2	3	4		5			6	7	8		9			10

COMPILATION OF RESEARCH RESULTS BY THE e-DELPHI METHOD
Panelists			Determining factors of the presence and consolidation of the Triple Helix in the Brazilian Electronics Valley
Panelists			1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15

GRADES ASSIGNED	UNIVERSITY	1	8	9	7	7	7	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	9	9	9
		2	4	7	2	4	3	6	5	5	6	4	6	3	5	6	7
		3	7	8	4	5	8	6	4	5	4	4	5	5	5	4	8
		4	7	9	7	5	4	5	7	7	7	8	5	5	8	5	7
		5	7	7	5	8	5	6	5	6	7	8	7	5	6	7	9
	INDUSTRY	6	8	9	8	7	5	7	7	8	10	10	8	8	9	10	9
		7	7	7	7	6	10	9	7	8	10	9	10	9	9	8	9
		8	4	5	4	5	7	7	7	6	5	6	6	6	5	4	4
		9	10	10	10	10	9	10	10	10	10	10	8	8	10	7	8
		10	10	10	6	10	10	8	10	10	7	7	10	6	1	5	10
	GOVERNMENT	11	5	3	4	5	6	4	4	5	6	4	5	5	4	5	4
		12	4	7	4	6	6	6	9	4	6	7	6	2	4	10	2
		13	7	8	6	7	5	7	7	7	6	7	8	8	9	8	8
		14	10	10	7	9	7	8	8	8	7	8	7	8	8	7	8
		15	8	10	7	9	7	10	10	9	8	9	7	6	10	8	10
STATISTICAL DATA PROCESSING		CVI	0.7	0.9	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.4	0.5	0.6	0.8
		∑	106	119	88	103	99	107	108	106	107	109	106	92	102	103	112
		VAR	4.4	4.1	4.1	3.8	4.3	3.0	4.2	3.5	3.3	4.1	2.6	4.1	7.3	4.0	5.6
		M	7.1	7.9	5.9	6.9	6.6	7.1	7.2	7.1	7.1	7.3	7.1	6.1	6.8	6.9	7.5
		Ma	7.0	8.0	6.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	7.0	8.0	7.0	6.0	8.0	7.0	8.0
		S	2.0	1.9	2.0	1.9	2.0	1.7	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.6	2.0	2.6	1.9	2.3
		CV	29%	25%	33%	28%	30%	23%	27%	26%	24%	27%	22%	32%	38%	28%	30%
		Q1	6.0	7.0	4.0	5.0	5.0	6.0	6.0	5.5	6.0	6.5	6.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	7.0
		Q3	8.0	9.5	7.0	8.5	7.5	8.0	8.5	8.0	8.0	8.5	8.0	8.0	9.0	8.0	9.0
		IR	33%	36%	75%	70%	50%	33%	42%	45%	33%	31%	33%	60%	80%	60%	29%

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[1] *antonio.honorato@unesp.br, antonio.honorato.oliveira@gmail.com

1	The University needs to represent a fundamental driver of a knowledge-based economy. It is an important piece to develop spaces for knowledge, innovation, and consensus.
2	The formation and development of knowledge-based companies are the results of interactions between the primary and secondary actors of a Triple Helix.
3	The government's role in Triple Helix should be moderator and its goal is to ensure that Triple Helix works well. The government may be the best candidate to create a “consensus space” that brings together the relevant actors to design and implement innovation projects.
4	Venture capital can act as a company or as an arm of a company, government, university, or foundation and is an important driver for the formation and growth of companies.
5	Innovation activities take place mainly in various organizations resulting from the intellectual effort of an “innovative entity”, and not from a single inventor. Incubators, accelerators, and technology transfer offices promote startups and innovative development in a given region, supported by city halls, universities, and sectorial business associations, among others.
6	Innovation should be perceived as an endless process, considering that Triple Helix, as a model for maintaining and developing the process, is a universal theory of innovation and entrepreneurship