“Packaging Logistics” for improving performance in supply chains: the role of meta-standards implementation

García-Arca, Jesús; González-Portela Garrido, Alicia Trinidad; Prado-Prado, José Carlos

doi:10.1590/0103-6513.184114

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Articles • Prod 26 (2) • Apr-Jun 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.184114 copy

“Packaging Logistics” for improving performance in supply chains: the role of meta-standards implementation

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Integrated packaging design process arises as one key factor that could contribute to increasing the efficiency and sustainability of supply chains. This approach is called “packaging logistics”. Another managerial approach that is related to efficiency and sustainability is the implementation of “meta-standards” (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000). As both “packaging logistics” and “meta-standards” can contribute positively towards supply chain efficiency and sustainability, it becomes relevant to examine the relationship between them. In this study, we explore the potential relation between “meta-standards” (ISO 9000 and ISO 14000) and the implementation of the key aspects of “packaging logistics”. In addition, we explore the relation between “packaging logistics” and aspects of performance. This is accomplished through an exploratory study of the packaging design process of Spanish manufacturers in the food industry.

Keywords
Packaging; Supply chain; Logistics; ISO 9000; ISO 14000

*Type of analysis*	*General Questions*	*Specific aspects in questions*
A.- Packaging Design requirements ( *Saghir & Jönson, 2001* Saghir, M., & Jönson, G. (2001). Packaging handling evaluation methods in the grocery retail industry. Packaging Technology and Science, 14(1), 21-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.523... ; *Bramklev, 2009* Bramklev, C. (2009). On a proposal for a generic package development process. Packaging Technology and Science, 22(3), 171-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.850... ; *Azzi et al., 2012* Azzi, A., Battini, D., Persona, A., & Sgarbossa, F. (2012). Packaging design: general framework and research agenda. Packaging Technology and Science, 25(8), 435-456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.993... )	What level of importance does the company give to each of the packaging functions during the packaging design process? (Likert scale)	Protective function Commercial function (product differentiation) Productive function (packing process) Logistic function (handling, storage and transport processes) Purchasing and supplies function Environmental function (minimizing consumption of raw materials and generation of packaging waste)
B.- Organizational structure for packaging design (internally in each company and externally throughout the supply chain) ( *Lee & Lye, 2003* Lee, S. G., & Lye, S. W. (2003). Design for manual packaging. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 33(2), 163-189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030310469162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030310469... ; *Klevas, 2005* Klevas, J. (2005). Organization of packaging resources at a product-developing company. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(2), 116-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030510590309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030510590... ; *Chan et al., 2006* Chan, F. T. S., Chan, H. K., & Choy, K. L. (2006). A systematic approach to manufacturing packaging logistics. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 29(9-10), 1088-1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-2609-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-260... ; *Sohrabpour et al., 2012* Sohrabpour, V., Hellström, D., & Jahre, M. (2012). Packaging in developing countries: identifying supply chain needs. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 2(2), 183-205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20426741211260750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20426741211260... ; *Molina-Besch & Pålsson, 2014* Molina-Besch, K., & Pålsson, H. (2014). Packaging for eco-efficient supply chains: why logistics should get involved in the packaging development process. sustainable logistics. Transport and Sustainability, 6, 137-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2044-994120140000006006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S2044-99412014... )	In your company, what level of coordination is achieved, internally and externally, in order to integrate the different design requirements in a more efficient and sustainable packaging? (Likert scale)	Level of internal coordination in packaging design Level of coordination with packaging suppliers in packaging design Level of coordination with clients and/or distributors in packaging design
C.- Evaluation system in packaging design ( *Olsmats & Dominic, 2003* Olsmats, C., & Dominic, C. (2003). Packaging scorecard: a packaging performance evaluation method. Packaging Technology and Science, 16(1), 9-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.604... ; ( *Mollenkopf et al., 2005* Mollenkopf, D., Closs, D., Twede, D., Lee, S., & Burgess, G. (2005). Assessing the viability of reusable packaging: a relative cost approach. Journal of Business Logistics, 26(1), 169-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2005.tb00198.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2158-1592.20... ; *Svanes et al., 2010* Svanes, E., Vold, M., Møller, H., Pettersen, M. K., Larsen, H., & Hanssen, O. J. (2010). Sustainable packaging design: a holistic methodology for packaging design. Packaging Technology and Science, 23(3), 161-175. ; *Azzi et al., 2012* Azzi, A., Battini, D., Persona, A., & Sgarbossa, F. (2012). Packaging design: general framework and research agenda. Packaging Technology and Science, 25(8), 435-456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.993... ; *Albrecht et al., 2013* Albrecht, S., Brandstetter, P., Beck, T., Fullana-i-Palmer, P., Grönman, K., Baitz, M., Deimling, S., Sandilands, J., & Fischer, M. (2013). An extended life cycle analysis of packaging systems for fruit and vegetable transport in Europe. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(8), 1549-1567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0590-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-059... ; *Grönman et al., 2013* Grönman, K., Soukka, R., Järvi-Kääriäinen, T., Katajajuuri, J.-M., Kuisma, M., Koivupuro, H.-K., Ollila, M., Pitkänen, M., Miettinen, O., Silvenius, F., Thun, R., Wessman, H., & Linnanen, L. (2013). Framework for sustainable food packaging design. Packaging Technology and Science, 26(4), 187-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1971... ; *Pålsson et al., 2013* Pålsson, H., Finnsgård, C., & Wänström, C. (2013). Selection of packaging systems in supply chains from a sustainability perspective: the case of Volvo. Packaging Technology and Science, 26(5), 289-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1979... ; *Wever & Vogtländer, 2013* Wever, R., & Vogtländer, J. (2013). Eco-efficient value creation: an alternative perspective on packaging and sustainability. Packaging Technology and Science, 26(4), 229-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.1978... ; *Accorsi et al., 2014* Accorsi, R., Cascini, A., Cholette, S., Manzini, R., & Mora, C. (2014). Economic and environmental assessment of reusable plastic containers: a food catering supply chain case study. International Journal of Production Economics, 152, 88-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.12.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2013.12... ; *Gamez-Alban et al., 2014* Gamez-Alban, H. M., Soto-Cardona, C., Mejia-Argueta, C., & Sarmiento, A. (2014). A cost-efficient method to optimize package size in emerging markets. European Journal of Operational Research, 241(3), 917-926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.09.020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.09... ; *Dominic et al., 2015* Dominic, C., Östlund, S., Buffington, J., & Masoud, M. (2015). Towards a conceptual sustainable packaging development model: a corrugated box case study. Packaging Technology and Science, 28(5), 397-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pts.2113... ; *Faccio et al., 2015* Faccio, M., Gamberi, M., Pilati, F., & Bortolini, M. (2015). Packaging strategy definition for sales kits within an assembly system. International Journal of Production Research, 53(11), 3288-3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.975862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2014.... )	Has your company adopted a measurement system for evaluating different packaging alternatives from a sustainable supply chain perspective? (Yes/No)	Implementation of “Packaging Scorecard” system Implementation of LCA System
D.- Adoption of “best practices” in the packaging design process (*García-Arca & Prado-Prado, 2008aGarcía-Arca, J., & Prado-Prado, J. C. (2008a). Packaging design model from a supply chain approach. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 13(5), 375-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540810894960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540810894... ,bGarcía-Arca, J., & Prado-Prado, J. C. (2008b). Packaging as source of competitive advantages. Universia Business Review, 17, 64-79.; Asociación Española de Codificación Comercial, 2012Asociación Española de Codificación Comercial. (2012). Recomendaciones AECOC para la logística: unidades de carga eficientes. Barcelona: AECOC.; Kye et al., 2013*Kye, D., Lee, J., & Lee, K. (2013). The perceived impact of packaging logistics on the efficiency of freight transportation (EOT). International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 43(8), 707-720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2011-0143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-08-2011... )	Has your company implemented any of the following actions for systematizing packaging design? (Yes/No)	Documentation for the packaging design process Documentation for the technical specifications in the formats and qualities of materials used in the packaging Documentation for the product palletization files Use of computer tools in packaging design
	What level of implementation does your company have in the adoption of actions designed to improve logistics efficiency? (Likert scale)	Standardization of formats and qualities in packaging Application of the “AECOC Recommendations for logistics” (Efficient palletized loads)
	Has your company implemented a plan to improve environmental behaviour in relation to packaging design? (Yes/No)	Plan for preventing packaging waste and reducing raw materials in packaging manufacturing

*Universe:*	Spanish manufacturers of food products with over 6 million Euros turnover. All companies distribute their products with palletized loads (source: Alimarket data base)
*Method of the collection of information*	Postal technique with the support of a structured questionnaire
*Size of the sample:*	1,499 companies
*Valid questionnaires*	209 manufacturers (response rate 13.94%)
*Sampling error:*	6.42% (p=q=0.5; Level of confidence 95.5%)
*Interviewee’s profile*	Logistics/production managers

*WITH ISO 9000*		*WITH ISO 14000*		*BOTH ISO 9000 and ISO 14000*
Number of companies	%	*Number of companies*	%	*Number of companies*	%
131	62.67%	40	19.13%	39	18.66%

	*Mean with ISO 9000*	*Mean without ISO 9000*	*Statistic analysis*	*Mean with ISO 14000*	*Mean without ISO 14000*	*Statistic analysis*
Product protection	4.31	4.28	Z Stat = 0.881 P (T<=t) = 0.379	4.22	4.32	Z Stat = 0.735 P (T<=t) = 0.462
Commercial	3.9	4.08	t Stat = 0.800 P (T<=t) = 0.424	4.02	3.95	Z Stat = 0.474 P (T<=t) = 0.636
Productive	*3.89*	*3.51*	*Z Stat = 2.490* *P (T<=t) = 0.013* ^ P<0.05.	*4.05*	*3.68*	*Z Stat = 1.641* *P (T<=t) = 0.097* ^* * P<0.1.
Packaging purchases	3.679	3.49	Z Stat = 1.072 P (T<=t) = 0.284	3.8	3.55	Z Stat = 1.088 P (T<=t) = 0.277
Logistics	*3.67*	*3.35*	*Z Stat = 1.720* *P (T<=t) = 0.085* ^* * P<0.1.	3.7	3.51	Z Stat = 0.924 P (T<=t) = 0.356
Environmental	3.28	3.18	Z Stat = 0.510 P (T<=t) = 0.610	*3.87*	*3.09*	*Z Stat = 3.298* *P (T<=t) = 0.01* ^* ***** P<0.01.

	*Mean with ISO 9000*	*Mean without ISO 9000*	*Statistic analysis*	*Mean with ISO 14000*	*Mean without ISO 14000*	*Statistic analysis*
Internal coordination for packaging design	*3.80*	*3.36*	*Z Stat = 2.363* *P (T<=t) = 0.018* ^ P<0.05.	3.67	3.63	Z Stat = 0.323 P (T<=t) = 0.747
External coordination with clients/ distributors	3.23	3.25	Z Stat = 0.287 P (T<=t) = 0.774	3.35	3.22	t Stat = 0.428 P (T<=t) = 0.669
External coordination with packaging suppliers	*3.20*	*2.84*	*Z Stat = 2.117* *P (T<=t) = 0.034* ^ P<0.05.	*3.473*	*2.982*	*Z Stat = 2.137* *P (T<=t) = 0.033* ^ P<0.05.

	*% of companies with ISO 9000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 9000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*	*% of companies with ISO 14000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 14000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*
LCA implementation for comparing packaging alternatives	12.97%	12.82%	Z Stat = 0.24 P (T<=t) = 0.528	*26.47%*	*11.92%*	*Z Stat = 4.713* *P (T<=t) = 0.034* ^ P<0.05

	*% of companies with ISO 9000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 9000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*	*% of companies with ISO 14000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 14000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*
Availability of a Packaging Design Procedure	*41.98%*	*20.51%*	*Z Stat = 10.457* *P (T<=t) = 0.001* ^* ***** P<0.01.	40%	32.5%	Z Stat = 0.869 P (T<=t) = 0.227
Availability of Technical Specifications of formats and qualities in packaging	*89.79%*	*61.54%*	*Z Stat = 18.780* *P (T<=t) = 0.000* ^* ***** P<0.01.	*90%*	*75.14%*	*Z Stat = 4.185* *P (T<=t) = 0.028* ^ P<0.05.
Availability of Palletization Files	*86.51%*	*55.40%*	*Z Stat = 24.053* *P (T<=t) = 0.000* ^* ***** P<0.01.	*85%*	*68.64%*	*Z Stat = 3.833* *P (T<=t) = 0.035* ^ P<0.05.
Use of computer tools in packaging design	34.35%	26.92%	Z Stat = 1.276 P (T<=t) = 0.166	*52.5%*	*26.62%*	*Z Stat = 8.494* *P (T<=t) = 0.004* ^* ***** P<0.01.

	*Mean with ISO 9000*	*Mean without ISO 9000*	*Statistic analysis*	*Mean with ISO 14000*	*Mean without ISO 14000*	*Statistic analysis*
*Level of Implementation of the RAL in packaging design (level)*	*3.01*	*1.97*	*Z Stat = 3.904* *P (T<=t) = 0.000* ^* ***** P<0.01	*3.37*	*2.5*	*Z Stat = 2.832* *P (T<=t) = 0.005* ^* ***** P<0.01
Level of Standardization of formats and qualities in packaging	3.86	3.74	Z Stat = 0.686 P (T<=t) = 0.493	4.08	3.75	Z Stat = 1.220 P (T<=t) = 0.222

	*% of companies with ISO 9000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 9000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*	*% of companies with ISO 14000 that said YES*	*% of companies without ISO 14000 that said YES*	*Statistic analysis*
Availability of a Plan for preventing packaging waste and reducing consumption of raw materials in packaging	*94.65%*	*39.74%*	*Z Stat = 9.083* *P (T<=t) = 0.003* ^* ***** P<0.01.	*92.5%*	*47.13%*	*Z Stat = 26.673* *P (T<=t) = 0.000* ^* ***** P<0.01.

*Impact of the packaging changes*	*Mean with ISO 9000*	*Mean without ISO 9000*	*Statistic analysis*	*Mean with ISO 14000*	*Mean without ISO 14000*	*Statistic analysis*
Differentiation improvement	3.748	3.819	Z Stat = 0.031 P (T<=t) = 0.975	3.692	3.794	Z Stat = 0.366 P (T<=t) = 0.714
Product protection improvement	3.205	3.472	Z Stat = 1.266 P (T<=t) = 0.205	3.205	3.209	Z Stat = 0.613 P (T<=t) = 0.540
Reduction of packaging purchases costs	3.433	3.173	Z Stat = 1.264 P (T<=t) = 0.206	3.564	3.282	Z Stat =1.322 P (T<=t) =0.186
Reduction of logistics costs	*3.385*	*3.093*	*Z Stat = 1.640* *P (T<=t) = 0.098* ^* * P<0.1.	3.538	3.215	Z Stat = 1.444 P (T<=t) = 0.149
Reduction of packing costs	*3.535*	*3.162*	*Z Stat = 1.723* *P (T<=t) = 0.086* ^* * P<0.1.	3.487	3.376	Z Stat = 0.428 P (T<=t) = 0.669
Improvement of environmental behavior	2.889	2.712	Z Stat = 0.871 P (T<=t) = 0.384	*3.282*	*2.714*	*Z Stat = 2.288 P (T<=t) = 0.022* ^ P<0.05.

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