Validation and psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale in adolescents

Kaloeti, Dian Veronika Sakti; Kurnia S, Ayu; Tahamata, Valentino Marcel

doi:10.1186/s41155-021-00181-0

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Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica

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Research • Psicol. Reflex. Crit. 34 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-021-00181-0 copy

Validation and psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale in adolescents

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background:

This study's main purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of FoMOs' adaptation among the Indonesian adolescents' population. The second aim was to investigate the concurrent validity of the Indonesian version to provide evidence for the validity. Also, FoMOs' difference level between demographic variance analyses was performed.

Method:

The study involved a cross-sectional online survey design with 638 Indonesian adolescents aged 16-24 (M = 19.08, SD = 14.70). FoMO was measured by a 16-item that has been modified from the original 10-item. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to study its scores' evidence of structural validity. Besides, to study its scores' evidence of convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity concerning other variables such as stress, anxiety, and depression (Depression and Anxiety Stress Scale-21), and general health condition (General Health Questionnaire Scale-12), correlation analyses were conducted. To study the sensitivity, we assessed the effect of sociodemographic and social media use on the scale's ability to identify the population's risk to the FoMO by conducting analyses of variance. The Cronbach alpha values (α = .93) indicated that internal consistency of the scale was at an adequate level.

Results:

Exploratory factorial analyses revealed adequate adjustment for the new version of the scale showing the three factorial structures. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the 12-item of Indonesian FoMO had a good fit (X²/df = 289.324/51; goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = 0.928; RMSEA = 0.086; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.915; normed fit index (NFI) = 0.899; parsimony normed fit index (PNFI) = .695; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.890).

Conclusion:

This study has shown that the modified 12-item Fear of Missing Out Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for Indonesian adolescents. It showed that the Indonesian version of Fear of Missing Out Scale has adequate psychometric properties to measure Indonesian adolescents' online behavior.

Keywords:
Fear of Missing Out Scale; Validation; Psychometric properties; Indonesian; Adolescent

Category		Total
Category		Frequency	%
Sex
	Men	209	32.7
	Women	429	67.2
Age
	10-15	4	0.63
	16-20	515	80.7
	21-24	119	18.65
Ethnicity
	Javanese	504	78.99
	Non-Javanese	80	12.50
Amount of monthly parent's income
	<1 million IDR	85	13.32
	1-3 million IDR	332	52.03
	>3 million IDR	221	34.63
The most used social media
	You Tube	40	6.26
	Instagram	133	20.84
	WhatsApp	222	34.79
	LINE	206	32.28
	Others (Facebook, Twitter)	37	5.79
Duration of accessing social media in 1 day
	1 -3 h	193	30.25
	4-6 h	371	58.15
	>6 h	74	11.59

Variables		Mean	SD	df	t/F	p -value
Sex
	Men	38.04	10.49	208	0.99	0.32
	Women	37.16	10.44	428
Age
	16-20	36.68	12.30	518	0.58	0.57
	20-24	38.22	11.17	118
Ethnicity
	Javanese	37.35	10.23	503	-1.79	0.07 ^* * Comparison is significant at the 0.1 level (2-tailed)
	Non-Javanese	39.29	11.42	133
Amount of monthly parent's income
	<1 million IDR	37.00	8.23	84	2.01	0.13
	1-3 million IDR	36.96	10.50	331
	>3 million IDR	38.65	10.88	220
The most used social media
	You Tube	31.55	8.95	39	6.84	0.00 ^ Comparison is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
	Instagram	39.96	10.10	132
	WhatsApp	37.69	10.16	221
	LINE	37.86	11.35	205
	Others (Facebook, Twitter)	36.61	10.20	36
Duration of accessing socialmedia
	1-3 h	36.31	10.49	192	4.98	0.07 ^* * Comparison is significant at the 0.1 level (2-tailed)
	4-6 h	37.86	10.22	370
	>6 h	40.95	11.20	73

	Frequency	Percent
Very low	226	35.4
Low	227	35.6
Medium	129	20.2
High	44	6.9
Very high	12	1.9
Total	638	100.0

	1	2	3	4	5
1.FoMO	-
DASS-21
2. Depression	0.65 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
3. Anxiety	0.30 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.39 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
4. Stress	0.35 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.25 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.45 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
5. GHQ-12	0.18 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.05 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.34 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.14 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-

No	Items	Factor I	Factor II	Factor III	Factor IV
1	It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to meet up with friends.	.68	--	--	--
2	I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun without me.	.84	--	--	--
3	I feelworried if I don't know what my friends are doing.	.69	--	--	--
4	I feelupset with my friends when they spend their vacation, and I see their photos on socialmedia while I was not invited.	.85	--	--	--
5	When I miss out on a planned get-together, it bothers me.	.79	--	--	--
6	When I go on vacation, I continue to keep tabs on what friends are doing.	--	.47	--	--
7	When I buy very popular things, I willupload photos of those things.	--	.47	--	--
8	I always check my friends' socialmedia when they are on holiday.	--	.42	--	--
9	When I have a good time, it is important for me to share the details online (e.g., updating status).	--	.31	--	--
10	Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with what is going on.	--	.48	--	--
11	I feelanxious to get my friends to have the more valuable meaning of their life.	--	--	.45	--
12	I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me.	--	--	.49	--
13	I get anxious when I see other people getting more ‘likes” on socialmedia than me.	--	--	.05	--
14	I have a constant desire to know the latest news that is being talked about on socialmedia.	--	--	--	.30
15	When there is a notification from a socialmedia application, I willimmediately respond even though I'm doing other activities.	--	--	--	-.28
16	I become anxious when a friend blocks me on socialmedia.	--	--	--	-.87
Eigenvalue		1.08	0.75	3.35	0.42
Explained variance %		4.29	3.60	16.48	2.10
Cumulative %		71.99	81.5	57.21	95.86
Mean ± SD		37.75 ± 10.47

No	Items	Factor I	Factor II	Factor III
1	It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to meet up with friends.	.80	--	--
2	I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun without me.	.74	--	--
3	I get anxious when I don't know what my friends are up to.	.69	--	--
4	I feelupset with my friends when they spend their vacation, and I see their photos on socialmedia while I was not invited.	.68	--	--
5	When I miss out on a planned get-together, it bothers me.	.64	--	--
6	When I go on vacation, I continue to keep tabs on what friends are doing.	--	.76	--
7	When I buy very popular things, I willupload photos of those things.	--	.71	--
8	I always check my friends' socialmedia when they are on holiday	--	.69	--
9	When I have a good time, it is important for me to share the details online (e.g., updating status)	--	.65	--
10	Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with what is going on.	--	.59	--
11	I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me.	--	--	.91
12	I don't feelhappy when my friends telltheir valuable story of their life.	--	--	.91
Eigenvalue		4.53	1.67	1.27
Explained variance %		37.72	13.87	10.58
Cumulative %		37.72	51.59	62.17
Mean ± SD		37.75 ± 10.48

Item	Indicator reliability (IR)	Standard error (SE)	Critical ratio (CR)
ME1	0.54	0.068	13.87 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
ME2	0.43	0.079	14.84 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
ME3	0.39	0.067	13.78 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
ME4	0.57	0.070	16.20 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
ME5	0.46	1¹⁾	1¹⁾
CO1	0.43	0.116	10.68 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
CO2	0.42	0.083	10.09 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
CO3	0.43	0.106	10.89 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
CO4	0.34	0.105	10.57 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
CO5	0.27	1¹⁾	1¹⁾
CF1	0.77	0.072	14.96 ^ Note: p <0.001, fixed to 1 to ensure identifiability
CF2	0.81	1¹⁾	1¹⁾

Curso de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - sala 110, 90035-003 Porto Alegre RS - Brazil, Tel.: +55 51 3308-5691 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
E-mail: prc@springeropen.com

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[1] * Correspondence: dvs.kaloeti@live.undip.ac.id

	1	2	3	4	5
1.FoMO	-
DASS-21
2. Depression	0.65 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
3. Anxiety	0.30 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.39 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
4. Stress	0.35 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.25 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.45 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-
5. GHQ-12	0.18 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.05 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.34 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	0.14 ^ Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)	-