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REVIEW ARTICLE • Polímeros 30 (4) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.09420 copy

Commercial and potential applications of bacterial cellulose in Brazil: ten years review

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In the last decade, bacterial cellulose (BC) has received considerable attention around the world, including in Brazil. The unique properties of BC, such as mechanical stability, tensile strength, thermostability, crystallinity, purity and biocompatibility make it a promising candidate for commercial applications in different areas. This article provides a comprehensive synthesis of commercial applications and studies related to BC around the world and shows the importance and development of Brazilian research during the last decade. In this review we present an overview of BC structure, biosynthesis and possible applications of BC mainly in the food, electronics, bioengineering, cosmetics and biomedical areas. The most significant contributions of Brazilian researchers using BC have been carried out in the biomedical area. Despite the increase in BC reserch, Brazil also needs to develop strategies to expand the use and commercialization of BC products, for which government financial support is extremely necessary.

Keywords:
bacterial cellulose; bacterial cellulose applications; biomedical; Brazil; electronics

Type	Description	References
Food	BC can be used as a fat substitute; as solid support to immobilization of enzymes and cells; as food packaging and as potential gelling, thickening, suspending and emulsion stabilizer.	Akoğlu et al.^[⁷¹71 Akoğlu, A., Çakır, İ., Akoğlu, İ. T., Karahan, A. G., & Çakmakçı, M. L. (2015). Effect of bacterial cellulose as a fat replacer on some quality characteristics of fat reduced sucuk. Gida: The Journal of Food, 40(3), 133-139.^], Bandyopadhyay et al.^[⁷²72 Bandyopadhyay, S., Saha, N., & Saha, P. (2020). Comparative analysis of bacterial cellulose based polymeric films for food packaging. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2205, 020069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5142984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5142984... ^], Jayani et al.^[⁷³73 Jayani, T., Sanjeev, B., Marimuthu, S., & Uthandi, S. (2020). Bacterial Cellulose Nano Fiber (BCNF) as carrier support for the immobilization of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus 016. Carbohydrate Polymers, 250, 116965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116965. PMid:33049863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020... ^], Razavi et al.^[⁷⁴74 Razavi, M. S., Golmohammadi, A., Nematollahzadeh, A., Fiori, F., Rovera, C., & Farris, S. (2020). Preparation of cinnamon essential oil emulsion by bacterial cellulose nanocrystals and fish gelatin. Food Hydrocolloids, 109, 106111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020... ^]

Electronics, electrochemical and magnetic fields	Due to its porous nanofibrous network structure, BC can be used as a flexible matrix for developing biomaterials.	Fei et al.^[⁷⁵75 Fei, G., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Ma, Y., Guo, Q., Huang, W., Yang, D., Shao, Y., & Ni, Y. (2019). Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline nanocomposite paper with excellent conductivity, strength, and flexibility. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7(9), 8225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.... ^], Guan et al.^[⁷⁶76 Guan, F., Chen, S., Sheng, N., Chen, Y., Yao, J., Pei, Q., & Wang, H. (2019). Mechanically robust reduced graphene oxide / bacterial cellulose fi lm obtained via biosynthesis for fl exible supercapacitor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 360, 829-837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.11.... ^], Kim et al.^[⁷⁷77 Kim, H., Yim, E., Kim, J., Kim, S., Park, J., & Oh, I.-K. (2017). Nano energy bacterial nano ‐ cellulose triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy, 33, 130-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.01.035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.... ^], Xie et al.^[⁷⁸78 Xie, Y., Zheng, Y., Fan, J., Wang, Y., Yue, L., & Zhang, N. (2018). Novel electronic − ionic hybrid conductive composites for multifunctional flexible bioelectrode based on in situ synthesis of poly (dopamine) on bacterial cellulose. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(26), 22692-22702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05345. PMid:29895145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b05345... ^]

Antimicrobial activity	After being combined with substances with antimicrobial effects, BC can be used to protect against infections and contaminations.	Żywicka et al.^[⁷⁹79 Żywicka, A., Fijałkowski, K., Junka, A. F., Grzesiak, J., & El Fray, M. (2018). Modification of bacterial cellulose with quaternary ammonium compounds based on fatty acids and amino acids and the effect on antimicrobial activity. Biomacromolecules, 19(5), 1528-1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00183. PMid:29579391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.8b0... ^], Adepu and Khandelwal^[⁸⁰80 Adepu, S., & Khandelwal, M. (2018). Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of bacterial cellulose silver nanocomposites with sustained release. Journal of Materials Science, 53(3), 1596-1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1638-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-163... ^], Horue et al.^[⁸¹81 Horue, M., Cacicedo, M. L., Fernandez, M. A., Rodenak-Kladniew, B., Torres Sánchez, R. M., & Castro, G. R. (2020). Antimicrobial activities of bacterial cellulose – Silver montmorillonite nanocomposites for wound healing. Materials Science and Engineering C, 116, 111152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111152. PMid:32806328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.11... ^], Sajjad et al.^[⁸²82 Sajjad, W., Khan, T., Ul-Islam, M., Khan, R., Hussain, Z., Khalid, A., & Wahid, F. (2019). Development of modified montmorillonite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as a novel substitute for burn skin and tissue regeneration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206, 548-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.023. PMid:30553356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018... ^]

Drug delivery	BC can be used for drug delivery due to its water holding capacity and controlled release of substances.	Badshah et al.^[⁸³83 Badshah, M., Ullah, H., Khan, A. R., Khan, S., Park, J. K., & Khan, T. (2018). Surface modification and evaluation of bacterial cellulose for drug delivery. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 113, 526-533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.135. PMid:29477541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^], Beekmann et al.^[⁸⁴84 Beekmann, U., Schmölz, L., Lorkowski, S., Werz, O., Thamm, J., Fischer, D., & Kralisch, D. (2020). Process control and scale-up of modified bacterial cellulose production for tailor-made anti-inflammatory drug delivery systems. Carbohydrate Polymers, 236, 116062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116062. PMid:32172877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020... ^], Inoue et al.^[⁸⁵85 Inoue, B. S., Streit, S., Schneider, A. L. S., & Meier, M. M. (2020). Bioactive bacterial cellulose membrane with prolonged release of chlorhexidine for dental medical application. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 148, 1098-1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.036. PMid:31917984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... ^], Luo et al.^[⁸⁶86 Luo, H., Ao, H., Li, G., Li, W., Xiong, G., Zhu, Y., & Wan, Y. (2017). Bacterial cellulose/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a novel drug delivery system. Current Applied Physics, 17(2), 249-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.12.001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cap.2016.12.... ^], Weyell et al.^[⁸⁷87 Weyell, P., Beekmann, U., Küpper, C., Dederichs, M., Thamm, J., Fischer, D., & Kralisch, D. (2019). Tailor-made material characteristics of bacterial cellulose for drug delivery applications in dentistry. Carbohydrate Polymers, 207, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.061. PMid:30599988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018... ^]

Wound dressing	BC can be used to reduce pain, maintain moisture and serve as a bacteriological barrier in patients with burns and chronic wounds.	Gupta et al.^[⁸⁸88 Gupta, A., Briffa, S. M., Swingler, S., Gibson, H., Kannappan, V., Adamus, G., Kowalczuk, M., Martin, C., & Radecka, I. (2020). Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using curcumin-cyclodextrins loaded into bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels for wound dressing applications. Biomacromolecules, 21(5), 1802-1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01724. PMid:31967794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.9b0... ^], Faisul Aris et al.^[⁸⁹89 Faisul Aris, F. A., Mohd Fauzi, F. N. A., Tong, W. Y., & Syed Abdullah, S. S. (2019). Interaction of silver sulfadiazine wıth bacterial cellulose via ex-situ modification method as an alternative diabetic wound healing. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 21, 101332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.10... ^], Ye et al.^[⁹⁰90 Ye, S., Jiang, L., Wu, J., Su, C., Huang, C., Liu, X., & Shao, W. (2018). Flexible amoxicillin-grafted bacterial cellulose sponges for wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(6), 5862-5870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16680. PMid:29345902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b16680... ^], Moradi et al.^[⁹¹91 Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Almasi, H., Forough, M., & Ezati, P. (2019). A novel pH-sensing indicator based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers and black carrot anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222, 115030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115030. PMid:31320095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019... ^]

Tissue engineering	Since BC's morphological structure has a high degree of purity, excellent biocompatibility and high tensile strength, BC can be used to support newly formed tissues, interact with cells and release substances necessary for cell growth.	Halib et al.^[⁹²92 Halib, N., Ahmad, I., Grassi, M., & Grassi, G. (2019). The remarkable three-dimensional network structure of bacterial cellulose for tissue engineering applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 566, 631-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.06.017. PMid:31195074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019... ^], Frone et al.^[⁹³93 Frone, A. N., Panaitescu, D. M., Nicolae, C. A., Gabor, A. R., Trusca, R., Casarica, A., Stanescu, P. O., Baciu, D. D., & Salageanu, A. (2020). Bacterial cellulose sponges obtained with green cross-linkers for tissue engineering. Materials Science and Engineering C, 110, 110740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.110740. PMid:32204048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.11... ^], Zhang et al.^[⁹⁴94 Zhang, C., Cao, J., Zhao, S., Luo, H., Yang, Z., Gama, M., Zhang, Q., Su, D., & Wan, Y. (2020). Biocompatibility evaluation of bacterial cellulose as a scaffold material for tissue-engineered corneal stroma. Cellulose, 27(5), 2775-2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-02979-0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-029... ^,⁹⁵95 Zhang, W., Wang, X., Li, X. Y., Zhang, L. L., & Jiang, F. (2020). A 3D porous microsphere with multistage structure and component based on bacterial cellulose and collagen for bone tissue engineering. Carbohydrate Polymers, 236, 116043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116043. PMid:32172857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020... ^]

Bioengineering	BC can be used as biosensors to detect and quantify certain analytes in several areas. The immobilization of enzymes and cells into BC has been promising for effluent treatment, biomedical area and food manufacturing.	Hu et al.^[⁹⁶96 Hu, W., Chen, S., Zhou, B., Liu, L., Ding, B., & Wang, H. (2011). Highly stable and sensitive humidity sensors based on quartz crystal microbalance coated with bacterial cellulose membrane. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical, 159(1), 301-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.... ^], Moradi et al.^[⁹⁷97 Moradi, M., Tajik, H., Almasi, H., Forough, M., & Ezati, P. (2019). A novel pH-sensing indicator based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers and black carrot anthocyanins for monitoring fish freshness. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222, 115030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115030. PMid:31320095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019... ^], Cai et al.^[⁹⁸98 Cai, Q., Hu, C., Yang, N., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Pan, H., Hu, Y., & Ruan, C. (2018). Enhanced activity and stability of industrial lipases immobilized onto spherelike bacterial cellulose. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 109, 1174-1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.100. PMid:29157911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^]

Cosmetics	Due to its controlled release of substances, water holding capacity and ability to stabilize emulsions, BC can be used to produce cosmetic products.	Wang et al.^[⁹⁹99 Wang, X., Tang, J., Huang, J., & Hui, M. (2020). Production and characterization of bacterial cellulose membranes with hyaluronic acid and silk sericin. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 195, 111273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111273. PMid:32721822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.202... ^], Muhsinin et al.^[¹⁰⁰100 Muhsinin, S., Putri, N. T., Ziska, R., & Jafar, G. (2017). Bacterial cellulose from fermented banana peels (Musa paradisiaca) by Acetobacter xylinum as matrix of biocellulose mask. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(2), 159-162.^], Amnuaikit et al.^[¹⁰¹101 Amnuaikit, T., Chusuit, T., Raknam, P., & Boonme, P. (2011). Effects of a cellulose mask synthesized by a bacterium on facial skin characteristics and user satisfaction. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 4(1), 77-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S20935. PMid:22915933. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/MDER.S20935... ^], Aramwit and Bang^[¹⁰²102 Aramwit, P., & Bang, N. (2014). The characteristics of bacterial nanocellulose gel releasing silk sericin for facial treatment. BMC Biotechnology, 14(1), 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12896-014-0104-x. PMid:25487808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12896-014-010... ^]

Filtration/ adsorption	BC combined with materials specific materials can be used to remove contaminants, heavy metal and impurities from water.	Urbina et al.^[¹⁰³103 Urbina, L., Guaresti, O., Requies, J., Gabilondo, N., Eceiza, A., Corcuera, M. A., & Retegi, A. (2018). Design of reusable novel membranes based on bacterial cellulose and chitosan for the filtration of copper in wastewaters. Carbohydrate Polymers, 193, 362-372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.04.007. PMid:29773392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018... ^], Zhuang and Wang^[¹⁰⁴104 Zhuang, S., & Wang, J. (2019). Removal of cesium ions using nickel hexacyanoferrates-loaded bacterial cellulose membrane as an effective adsorbent. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 294, 111682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.... ^], Núñez et al.^[¹⁰⁵105 Núñez, D., Cáceres, R., Ide, W., Varaprasad, K., & Oyarzún, P. (2020). An ecofriendly nanocomposite of bacterial cellulose and hydroxyapatite efficiently removes lead from water. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 165(Pt B), 2711-2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.055. PMid:33069824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202... ^], Shoukat et al.^[¹⁰⁶106 Shoukat, A., Wahid, F., Khan, T., Siddique, M., Nasreen, S., Yang, G., Ullah, M. W., & Khan, R. (2019). Titanium oxide-bacterial cellulose bioadsorbent for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 129, 965-971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.032. PMid:30738165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^], Luo et al.^[¹⁰⁷107 Luo, H., Feng, F., Yao, F., Zhu, Y., Yang, Z., & Wan, Y. (2020). Improved removal of toxic metal ions by incorporating graphene oxide into bacterial cellulose. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 20(2), 719-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16902. PMid:31383067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.16902... ^]

Material	Main results of biomaterials based on BC	References
Castor oil based polyurethane (PU)	The BC/PU composites offer new opportunities as substrates for flexible electronic displays, since they exhibit great transparency and excellent mechanical properties.	Pinto et al.^[¹²⁷127 Pinto, E. R. P., Barud, H. S., Silva, R. R., Palmieri, M., Polito, W. L., Calil, V. L., Cremona, M., Ribeiro, S. J. L., & Messaddeq, Y. (2015). Transparent composites prepared from bacterial cellulose and castor oil based polyurethane as substrates for flexible OLEDs. Journal of Materials Chemistry. C, Materials for Optical and Electronic Devices, 3(44), 11581-11588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02359A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02359A... ^]
PEG (polyethylene glycol)-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles	Atomic force microscopy height and phase images of BC/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites confirmed that the addition of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles did not change the ability of the BC to form nanofiber networks.	Barud et al.^[¹²⁸128 Barud, H. S., Tercjak, A., Gutierrez, J., Viali, W. R., Nunes, E. S., Ribeiro, S. J. L., Jafellici, M., Nalin, M., & Marques, R. F. C. (2015). Biocellulose-based flexible magnetic paper. Journal of Applied Physics, 117(17), 1-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4917261... ^]
Boehmite	The impregnation of Boehmite through BC pores improves transparency of pure BC, suggesting applications in optics and electronics fields.	Salvi et al.^[¹²⁹129 Salvi, D. T. B., Barud, H. S., Caiut, J. M. A., Messaddeq, Y., & Ribeiro, S. J. L. (2012). Self-supported bacterial cellulose/boehmite organic-inorganic hybrid films. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 63(2), 211-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-012-2678-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-012-267... ^]
Triethanola-mine (TEA)	BC–TEA membranes showed potential application as ion-conducting membranes, since the addition of TEA avoids complete dryness, ensuring humidity necessary for maintaining high ion-conductivity of the membranes.	Salvi et al.^[¹³⁰130 Salvi, D. T. B., Barud, H. S., Pawlicka, A., Mattos, R. I., Raphael, E., Messaddeq, Y., & Ribeiro, S. J. L. (2014). Bacterial cellulose/triethanolamine based ion-conducting membranes. Cellulose, 21(3), 1975-1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0212-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-021... ^]
Switchable photoluminescence liquid crystal	4’-(hexyloxy)-4-biphenyl carbonitrile, 4’-(hexyl)-4-biphenyl-carbonitrile and multicomponent nematic mixture were used to impregnate BC film. This resulted in a transparent film with 3D rigid structure.	Tercjak et al.^[¹³¹131 Tercjak, A., Gutierrez, J., Barud, H. S., & Ribeiro, S. J. L. (2016). Switchable photoluminescence liquid crystal coated bacterial cellulose films with conductive response. Carbohydrate Polymers, 143, 188-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.02.019. PMid:27083359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016... ^]
Polyaniline and Ammonium persulfate (APS) or iron(III) chloride (FeCl3)	BC membranes were polymerized with polyaniline in the presence of APS or FeCl₃. The membranes with FeCl₃ displayed higher conductivity and better mechanical performance than membranes pure or prepared with APS.	Marins et al.^[¹³²132 Marins, J. A., Soares, B. G., Fraga, M., Müller, D., & Barra, G. M. O. (2014). Self-supported bacterial cellulose polyaniline conducting membrane as electromagnetic interference shielding material: effect of the oxidizing agent. Cellulose, 21(3), 1409-1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0191-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-019... ^]
Polyurethane (PU)	BC/PU nanocomposites present higher thermal stability, a non-crystalline character and low water absorption when compared to control.	Pinto et al.^[¹³³133 Pinto, E. R. P., Barud, H. S., Polito, W. L., Ribeiro, S. J. L., & Messaddeq, Y. (2013). Preparation and characterization of the bacterial cellulose/polyurethane nanocomposites. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 114(2), 549-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-3001-y. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-013-300... ^]
Cadmium tellurite quantum dots (CdTe) capped with glutathione (CdTe-GSH)	CdTe-GSH/BC membranes were tested as photoelectrodes and exhibited maximum photocurrent around 530nm, indicating potential application as flexible electrodes, sensors and photovoltaic systems	Pinheiro et al.^[¹³⁴134 Pinheiro, G. K., Muller, D., Serpa, R. B., Reis, F. T., Sartorelli, M. L., Schiavon, M. A., & Rambo, C. R. (2019). Flexible TiO 2 -coated nanocellulose membranes incorporated with CdTe as electrodes in photoelectrochemical cells. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Electronics, 30(2), 1891-1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0462-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-046... ^]

Purpose	Therapeutic materials	Main results of biomaterials based on BC	References
General biomedical applications	Hydrocolloids (guar gum and hyaluronic acid) and collagen	Films developed from BC, hydrocolloids and collagen showed potential for applications as bioactive wound dressings, scaffolds for cellular growth and sustained drug release systems.	Woehl et al.^[¹⁴⁷147 Woehl, M. A., Ono, L., Riegel Vidotti, I. C., Wypych, F., Schreiner, W. H., & Sierakowski, M. R. (2014). Bioactive nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose and natural hydrocolloids. Journal of Materials Chemistry. B, Materials for Biology and Medicine, 2(40), 7034-7044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00706A. PMid:32262114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4TB00706A... ^]
	Bionanocomposites based on alternative sources (cashew juice and sisal liquid waste) and hydroxyapatite (HA)	BC from agro-waste juices were similar to the standard culture medium. In vitro studies showed that materials were biocompatible and proved to be suitable for the preparation of nanocomposites for applications in the biomedical field.	Duarte et al.^[¹⁴⁸148 Duarte, E. B., Chagas, B. S., Andrade, F. K., Brígida, A. I. S., Borges, M. F., Muniz, C. R., Souza, M. S. M., Fo., Morais, J. P. S., Feitosa, J. P. A., & Rosa, M. F. (2015). Production of hydroxyapatite-bacterial cellulose nanocomposites from agroindustrial wastes. Cellulose, 22(5), 3177-3187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0734-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-073... ^]
	Silk fibroin (SF)	Presence of SF in BC nanostructure induced a significant increase in cell adhesion and could be an excellent option in bioengineering, since the material was non-genotoxic and safe for medical applications.	Barud et al.^[¹⁴⁹149 Barud, H. G. O., Barud, H. S., Cavicchioli, M., Amaral, T. S., Oliveira, O. B., Jr., Santos, D. M., Petersen, A. L., Celes, F., Borges, V. M., Oliveira, C. I., Oliveira, P. F., Furtado, R. A., Tavares, D. C., & Ribeiro, S. J. (2015). Preparation and characterization of a bacterial cellulose/silk fibroin sponge scaffold for tissue regeneration. Carbohydrate Polymers, 128, 41-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.007. PMid:26005138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015... ^]
	Succinic anhydride	Succinylation over the surface of the BC showed the potential for conjugations with molecules of medical interest, such as hydrolyzed collagen.	Ribeiro-Viana et al.^[¹⁵⁰150 Ribeiro-Viana, R. M., Faria-Tischer, P. C. S., & Tischer, C. A. (2016). Preparation of succinylated cellulose membranes for functionalization purposes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 148, 21-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.033. PMid:27185111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016... ^]
	Aloe vera portions	The incorporation of Aloe vera extract fractions during the BC synthesis resulted in biocomposites with mechanical properties and chemical composition distinct from pure BC. The material could be used as a scaffold for skin substitution and regeneration and cell culture substrates.	Godinho et al.^[¹⁵¹151 Godinho, J. F., Berti, F. V., Müller, D., Rambo, C. R., & Porto, L. M. (2016). Incorporation of Aloe vera extracts into nanocellulose during biosynthesis. Cellulose, 23(1), 545-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0844-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-084... ^]
	Polyethylene glycol (PEG)	The BC/PEG films showed more hydrophilic properties, supporting possible use as biomedical devices.	Silva et al.^[¹⁵²152 Silva, R., Sierakowski, M. R., Bassani, H. P., Zawadzki, S. F., Pirich, C. L., Ono, L., & Freitas, R. A. (2016). Hydrophilicity improvement of mercerized bacterial cellulose films by polyethylene glycol graft. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 86, 599-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.115. PMid:26845482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^]
	Arabinogalactan (AG) / Xyloglucan (XG)	Incorporation of AG and/or XG into BC mechanically defibrillated membranes caused a change in the hydrophilic surface characteristics. AG inclusion also showed viability and cellular adhesion profiles similar to those of commercial BC.	Lucyszyn et al.^[¹⁵³153 Lucyszyn, N., Ono, L., Lubambo, A. F., Woehl, M. A., Sens, C. V., de Souza, C. F., & Sierakowski, M. R. (2016). Physicochemical and in vitro biocompatibility of films combining reconstituted bacterial cellulose with arabinogalactan and xyloglucan. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151, 889-898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.027. PMid:27474637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016... ^]
	Resistant starch/pectin (RS/P)	CB-RS/P nanocomposite films showed an increase in thermal stability. The films also enhanced the drug dissolution rates, and therefore may be a potent material used as a carrier of poor solubility drugs, which may enhance oral bioavailability.	Meneguin et al.^[¹⁵⁴154 Meneguin, A. B., Ferreira Cury, B. S., Santos, A. M., Franco, D. F., Barud, H. S., & Silva, E. C., Fo. (2017). Resistant starch/pectin free-standing films reinforced with nanocellulose intended for colonic methotrexate release. Carbohydrate Polymers, 157, 1013-1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.062. PMid:27987801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016... ^]
	BC membranes with IKVAV peptide	Mimics the structural architecture and biological functions of the extracellular matrix for vasculogenic mimicry of human melanoma cells.	Reis et al.^[¹⁵⁵155 Reis, E. M. D., Berti, F. V., Colla, G., & Porto, L. M. (2018). Bacterial nanocellulose-IKVAV hydrogel matrix modulates melanoma tumor cell adhesion and proliferation and induces vasculogenic mimicry in vitro. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B, Applied Biomaterials, 106(8), 2741-2749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34055. PMid:29206331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34055... ^]
Tissue engineering	Dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride	Modification of BC structure by acetylation and/or oxidation has developed films with more degradability in vivo and potential applications as scaffold material for tissue engineering.	Lima et al.^[¹⁵⁶156 Lima, G. D. M., Sierakowski, M. R., Faria-Tischer, P. C. S., & Tischer, C. A. (2011). Characterisation of bacterial cellulose partly acetylated by dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride. Materials Science and Engineering C, 31(2), 190-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.08.017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.08... ^]
	Otoliths/collagen (O/C)	O/C/CB new scaffolds should be applied as: inducers of vascularization; facilitators of deposition of otoliths in predefined regions; guides for the regeneration of tissue, allowing the development of different tissues; or inhibitors of calcification and cell adhesion.	Olyveira et al.^[¹⁵⁷157 Olyveira, G., Valido, D. P., Costa, L. M. M., Gois, P. B. P., Xavier, L., Fo. & Basmaji, P. (2011). First otoliths/collagen/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites as a potential scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. Journal of Biomaterials and Nanobiotechnology, 2(3), 239-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2011.23030. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jbnb.2011.2303... ^]
	Glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMAC)	BC/GTMAC films showed a significant increase in cell attachment and spreading compared to unmodified membranes.	Courtenay et al.^[¹⁵⁸158 Courtenay, J. C., Johns, M. A., Galembeck, F., Deneke, C., Lanzoni, E. M., Costa, C. A., Scott, J. L., & Sharma, R. I. (2017). Surface modified cellulose scaffolds for tissue engineering. Cellulose, 24(1), 253-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-1111-y. PMid:32355428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-016-111... ^]
	BC and collagen associated with osteogenic growth peptide.	The membranes promoted cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cell cultures, in addition to better bone regeneration in vivo than the control group.	Saska et al.^[¹⁵⁹159 Saska, S., Pigossi, S. C., Oliveira, G. J. P. L., Teixeira, L. N., Capela, M. V., Gonçalves, A., Oliveira, P. T., Messaddeq, Y., Ribeiro, S. J. L., Gaspar, A. M. M., & Marchetto, R. (2018). Biopolymer-based membranes associated with osteogenic growth peptide for guided bone regeneration Biopolymer-based membranes associated with osteogenic growth peptide for guided bone regeneration. Biomedical Materials, 13(3), 035009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aaaa2d. PMid:29363620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aaaa... ^]

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