Arthropods
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- Insects |
- Cockroaches[77 Shahraki, H., Basseri, H. R., Mirahmadi, H., Bafghi, M. F., Mehravarn, A., Heidarian, P., & Esboei, B. R. (2018). Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of chitosan in integument of cockroaches. International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine, 3(3), 104-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijbsm.2018.19...
], crickets[88 Ibitoye, E. B., Lokman, I. H., Hezmee, M. N. M., Goh, Y. M., Zuki, A. B. Z., & Jimoh, A. A. (2018). Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket. Biomedical Materials, 13(2), 025009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aa9dde. PMid:29182521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-605X/aa9d...
], beetles[1616 Shin, C.-S., Kim, D.-Y., & Shin, W.-S. (2019). Characterization of chitosan extracted from Mealworm Beetle (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio) and Rhinoceros Beetle (Allomyrina dichotomy) and their antibacterial activities. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 125, 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.242. PMid:30500507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
], flies[1717 Soetemans, L., Uyttebroek, M., & Bastiaens, L. (2020). Characteristics of chitin extracted from black soldier fly in different life stages. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 165(Pt B), 3206-3214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.041. PMid:33181213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
], bees[1818 Ixtiyarova, G. A., Hazratova, D. A., Umarov, B. N. O., & Seytnazarova, O. M. (2020). Extraction of chitosan from died honeybee Apis melífera. Chemical Technology, Control and Management, 2020(2), 3. Retrieved in 2022, November 23, from https://uzjournals.edu.uz/ijctcm/vol20 20/iss2/3 https://uzjournals.edu.uz/ijctcm/vol20 ...
]. |
- Arachnids |
- Spiders[1919 Machałowski, T., Amemiya, C., & Jesionowski, T. (2020). Chitin of Araneae origin: structural features and biomimetic applications: a review. Applied Physics. A, Materials Science & Processing, 126(9), 678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03867-x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-038...
], scorpions[2020 Kaya, M., Asan-Ozusaglam, M., & Erdogan, S. (2016). Comparison of antimicrobial activities of newly obtained low molecular weight scorpion chitosan and medium molecular weight commercial chitosan. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 121(6), 678-684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.11.005. PMid:26702952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015....
]. |
- Crustaceans |
- Crabs[2121 Bernabé, P., Becherán, L., Barjas-Cabrera, G., Nesic, A., Alburquenque, C., Tapia, C. V., Taboada, E., Alderete, J., & De Los Ríos, P. (2020). Chilean crab (Aegla cholchol) as a new source of chitin and chitosan with antifungal properties against Candida spp. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149, 962-975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.126. PMid:32006582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
], shrimps[2222 Trung, T. S., Tram, L. H., van Tan, N., van Hoa, N., Minh, N. C., Loc, P. T., & Stevens, W. F. (2020). Improved method for production of chitin and chitosan from shrimp shells. Carbohydrate Research, 489, 107913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2020.107913. PMid:32007692. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2020....
], lobsters[2323 Hong, S., Yuan, Y., Yang, Q., Zhu, P., & Lian, H. (2018). Versatile acid base sustainable solvent for fast extraction of various molecular weight chitin from lobster shell. Carbohydrate Polymers, 201, 211-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.059. PMid:30241813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018...
], prawns[2424 Devi, R., & Dhamodharan, R. (2018). Pretreatment in hot glycerol for facile and green separation of chitin from prawn shell waste. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6(1), 846-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng....
], krill[2525 Yu, Y., Liu, X., Miao, J., & Leng, K. (2020). Chitin from Antarctic krill shell: eco-preparation, detection, and characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 4125-4137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.244. PMid:32890560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.202...
], spider crabs[2626 Barriada, J. L., Herrero, R., Prada-Rodríguez, D., & Vicente, M. E. S. (2006). Waste spider crab shell and derived chitin as low-cost materials for cadmium and lead removal. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 82(1), 39-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1633...
]. |
- Myriapods |
- Millipedes[2727 Ambarish, C. N., & Sridha, K. R. (2015). Isolation and characterization of chitin from exoskeleton of pill-millipedes. Trends in Biomaterials & Artificial Organs, 29(2), 155-159. Retrieved in 2022, November 23, from https://www.biomaterials.org.in/tibao/index.php/tibao/article/view/142 https://www.biomaterials.org.in/tibao/in...
] and centipedes[2828 Bulut, E., Sargin, I., Arslan, O., Odabasi, M., Akyuz, B., & Kaya, M. (2017). In situ chitin isolation from body parts of a centipede and lysozyme adsorption studies. Materials Science and Engineering C, 70(Pt 1), 552-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.048. PMid:27770928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.08...
]. |
Mollusks
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- Squids[2929 Cuong, H. N., Minh, N. C., van Hoa, N., & Trung, T. S. (2016). Preparation and characterization of high purity β-chitin from squid pens (Loligo chenisis). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 93(Pt A), 442-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
], cuttlefish[3030 Arrouze, F., Desbrieres, J., Hassani, S. L., & Tolaimate, A. (2021). Investigation of β-chitin extracted from cuttlefish: comparison with squid β-chitin. Polymer Bulletin, 78(12), 7219-7239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03466-z. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-034...
], clams[3131 Majekodunmi, S. O., Olorunsola, E. O., & Uzoaganobi, C. C. (2017). Comparative physicochemical characterization of chitosan from shells of two bivalved mollusks from two different continents. American Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 15-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.20170701.03. http://dx.doi.org/10.5923/j.ajps.2017070...
]. |
Fishes
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- Tilapia[3232 Boarin-Alcalde, L., & Graciano-Fonseca, G. (2016). Alkali process for chitin extraction and chitosan production from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) scales. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4), 683-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol44-issue4-fulltext-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol44-issue4-f...
], rohu[1111 Kumari, S., & Rath, P. K. (2014). Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from (Labeo rohit) fish scales. Procedia Materials Science, 6, 482-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.0...
], bocachico[3333 Molina-Ramírez, C., Mazo, P., Zuluaga, R., Gañán, P., & Álvarez-Caballero, J. (2021). Characterization of chitosan extracted from fish scales of the Colombian endemic species Prochilodus magdalenae as a novel source for antibacterial starch-based films. Polymers, 13(13), 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132079. PMid:34202687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132079...
]. |
Fungi
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- Basidiomycota |
- Lactarius vellereus (yeast)[3434 Erdogan, S., Kaya, M., & Akata, I. (2017). Chitin extraction and chitosan production from cell wall of two mushroom species (Lactarius vellereus and Phyllophora ribis). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1809(1), 020012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975427...
], Agaricus bisporus (common mushroom)[3535 Hassainia, A., Satha, H., & Boufi, S. (2018). Chitin from Agaricus bisporus: extraction and characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 117, 1334-1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.172. PMid:29197571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
]. |
- Zygomycota |
- Mucor rouxii[99 Azlan, N. S., Edinur, H. A., Ghafar, N. A., & Rasudin, N. S. (2020). Optimization and characterization of chitosan extracted from Mucor rouxii. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 596, 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/596/1/012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/596/...
], Rhizopus oryzae[1313 Gachhi, D. B., & Hungund, B. S. (2018). Two-phase extraction, characterization, and biological evaluation of chitin and chitosan from Rhizopus oryzae. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 8(11), 116-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2018.81117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2018.8111...
] |
- Ascomycota |
- Aspergillus niger[3636 Cabrera-Barjas, G., Gallardo, F., Nesic, A., Taboada, E., Marican, A., Mirabal-Gallardo, Y., Avila-Salas, F., Delgado, N., Armas-Ricard, M., & Valdes, O. (2020). Utilization of industrial by-product fungal biomass from Aspergillus niger and Fusarium culmorum to obtain bio-sorbents for removal of pesticide and metal ions from aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(5), 104355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.10...
], Penicillium chrysogenum[3737 El-Far, N. A., Shetaia, Y. M., Ahmed, M. A., Amin, R. M., & Abdou, D. A. (2021). Statistical optimization of chitosan production using marine-derived Penicillium chrysogenum MZ723110 in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 25(5), 799-819. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.206881. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.20...
], Penicillium camembertii[3838 Aili, D., Adour, L., Houali, K., & Amrane, A. (2019). Effect of temperature in Chitin and Chitosan production by solid culture of Penicillium camembertii on YPG médium. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133, 998-1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.116. PMid:31004649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201...
]. |
Algaes
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- Diatoms |
Thalassiosira fluviatilis[3939 Trincone, A. (Ed.). (2019). Enzymatic technologies for marine polysaccharides. USA: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429058653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429058653...
], Cyclotella sp[1212 Chiriboga, O., & Rorrer, G. L. (2019). Phosphate addition strategies for enhancing the co-production of lipid and chitin nanofibers during fed-batch cultivation of the diatom Cyclotella sp. Algal Research, 38, 101403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.101403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.1...
]. |
- Green algae |
Pithophora oedogonia, Chlorella vulgaris[3939 Trincone, A. (Ed.). (2019). Enzymatic technologies for marine polysaccharides. USA: CRC Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429058653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429058653...
]. |