Advances and perspectives in the use of polymers in the environmental area: a specific case of PBS in bioremediation

Bedor, Priscilla Braga Antunes; Caetano, Rosana Maria Juazeiro; Souza Júnior, Fernando Gomes de; Leite, Selma Gomes Ferreira

doi:10.1590/0104-1428.02220

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Polímeros 30 (2) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.02220 copy

Advances and perspectives in the use of polymers in the environmental area: a specific case of PBS in bioremediation

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Abstract

Biodegradable polymers (e.g. poly(butylene succinate) - PBS) have been used in several sectors such as the environmental area, especially in bioremediation, in biological processes for conversion of pollutants into inorganic compounds. In this study, the foresight methodology for the use of biodegradable polymers, including PBS, reveals a publication rate of approximately 8.74 articles and 30.63 patents per year, between 2005 and 2019. However, the application of PBS, specifically, is still restricted to the environmental area, with only 3.0% of the 1484 works from this period. The results showed a more significant number of papers on the PBS application for synthesis, characterization, and application in the areas of Chemistry, Physics, and Pharmacy. In the area of bioremediation, only three studies related to PBS were found, revealing the lack of research and development to increase the contribution in the area of environmental recovery.

Keywords:
biodegradable polymer; biopolymer; bioremediation; foresight methodology; poly(butylene succinate)

Polymer applications in bioremediation
Polymer	Application	Results	Reference
Mixture of proteins and peptides extracted from corn gluten meal and hemp.	Biopolymer-PFP (polystyrene foam pellet) system for the recovery of heavy oil from a highly weathered soil.	The combination of an immobilized phase (non-toxic biopolymer) with a sorbing phase (recyclable polystyrene foam – PFP – and non-toxic) reduced the hydrocarbons of a heavy oil-impacted soil sample by 94% compared to control test with water (25%), biopolymer (52%) and PFP (58%)	^[ ⁴⁰40 Wilton, N., Lyon-Marion, B. A., Kamath, R., McVey, K., Pennell, K. D., & Robbat, A. Jr (2018). Remediation of heavy hydrocarbon impacted soil using biopolymer and polystyrene foam beads. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 349, 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.01.041. PMid:29414747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018... ^]

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA)	TCE-contaminated groundwater bioremediation	Approximately 99% of TCE (initial concentration ¼ 4.3 mg.L^-1) was degraded after 85 days	^[ ⁶⁰60 Sheu, Y.-T., Tsang, D. C. W., Dong, C.-D., Chen, C.-W., Luo, S.-G., & Kao, C.-M. (2018). Enhanced bioremediation of TCE-contaminated groundwater using gamma poly-glutamic acid as the primary substrate. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 108-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017... ^]

Rhamnolipid (Biosurfactant)	Bioremediation of leaky marine environments by use of biosurfactant	The cell-free broth containing biosurfactants produced by bacterial strains significantly desorbed crude oil in oil-polluted marine sediment.	^[ ⁵⁹59 Lee, D. W., Lee, H., Kwon, B.-O., Khim, J. S., Yim, U. H., Kim, B. S., & Kim, J.-J. (2018). Biosurfactant-assisted bioremediation of crude oil by indigenous bacteria isolated from Taean beach sediment. Environmental Pollution, 241, 254-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.070. PMid:29807284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.... ^]

Wood waste and biofilm	Bioremediation of contaminated soil by toluene	Biofilms of P. putida and B. cereus grown on wood waste pretreated with LPN-plasma led to 91% and 89% toluene degradation, respectively, whereas biofilms grown on untreated wood waste led to toluene degradation of 78% and 58%, respectively.	^[ ⁶¹61 Farber, R., Dabush-Busheri, I., Chaniel, G., Rozenfeld, S., Bormashenko, E., Multanen, V., & Cahan, R. (2019). Biofilm grown on wood waste pretreated with cold low-pressure nitrogen plasma: utilization for toluene remediation. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 139, 62-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.03.003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2019.0... ^]

Modified lignocellulose sawdust	Treatment of oil spills	The total oil was removed from the microcosms after the biological treatment ranging from 65% to 80% after 5 days. Besides that, the Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of the crude oil remaining in the culture medium showed that the isoparaffins biodegradation higher than n-paraffins in microcosms contain biosurfactant.	^[ ⁶²62 Ismail, A. S., El-Sheshtawy, H. S., & Khalil, N. M. (2019). Bioremediation process of oil spill using fatty-lignocellulose sawdust and its enhancement effect. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 28(2), 205-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.03.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.03... ^]

Cyclodextrins (CD) cyclic oligosaccharides	Wastewater treatment	The bacteria/CD-F biocomposite has shown removal efficiency of Ni(II), Cr(VI) and RB5 as 70 ± 0.2%, 58 ± 1.4% and 82 ± 0.8, respectively. The pollutants’ removal capabilities of the bacteria/CD-F was higher, compared to free bacteria, since bacteria can use CD as an extra carbon source that promotes their growth rate.	^[ ⁶³63 San Keskin, N. O., Celebioglu, A., Sarioglu, O. F., Uyar, T., & Tekinay, T. (2018). Encapsulation of living bacteria in electrospun cyclodextrin ultrathin fibers for bioremediation of heavy metals and reactive dye from wastewater. Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 161, 169-176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.047. PMid:29078166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.201... ^]

Rhamnolipid (Biosurfactant)	Bioremediation of oil contaminated soil	The degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) on rhamnolipid biosurfactant application at 1.5 g L⁻¹ was found to be 86.1% and 80.5% in two soil samples containing 6800 ppm and 8500 ppm TPH, respectively.	^[ ⁶⁴64 Patowary, R., Patowary, K., Kalita, M. C., & Deka, S. (2018). Application of biosurfactant for enhancement of bioremediation process of crude oil contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 129, 50-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.01.004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2018.0... ^]

(1→ 3)-α-D-glucans	Bioremediation by removing heavy metals using biological material	For economic reasons, L. edodes was selected because of the complicated, multi-stage and time-consuming cultivation processes of the other two species. Choosing the best biosorbent, the efficiency of glucan isolation was taken into consideration, showing metal removal percentages for Ni^{2 +}, Cd^{2 +}, Zn^{2 +}, and Pb^{2 +} equivalent to 13, 25, 14, and 50, respectively.	^[ ⁶⁵65 Nowak, K., Wiater, A., Choma, A., Wiącek, D., Bieganowski, A., Siwulski, M., & Waśko, A. (2019). Fungal (1 → 3)-α-d-glucans as a new kind of biosorbent for heavy metals. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 137, 960-965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.036. PMid:31284010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^]

Immobilized laccase on calcium and copper alginate beads	Enzymatic bioremediation of bisphenol A	Ca-AIL and Cu-AIL exhibited 71% and 65.5% BPA degradation efficiency on 14 d.	^[ ⁶⁶66 Olajuyigbe, F. M., Adetuyi, O. Y., & Fatokun, C. O. (2019). Characterization of free and immobilized laccase from Cyberlindnera fabianii and application in degradation of bisphenol A. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 125, 856-864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.106. PMid:30557644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.201... ^]

Chitin	Biotreatment system for mine-impacted water (river water impacted by coal acid mine drainage – MIW)	Chitin was used as metal ion sorbent and biostimulant of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The results indicated that using shrimp shells as a chitin source, the removal of sulfate, iron, aluminum, and manganese ions in MIW were 99.75%, 99.04%, 98.47%, and 100%, respectively in 41 days.	^[ ⁵⁶56 Rodrigues, C., Núñez-Gómez, D., Silveira, D. D., Lapolli, F. R., & Lobo-Recio, M. A. (2019). Chitin as a substrate for the biostimulation of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the treatment of mine-impacted water (MIW). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 375, 330-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.086. PMid:30826155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019... ^]

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