Acid-Base Resistant Zone in Teeth with the Direct Restoration Using Different Adhesive System Generations: A Systematic Review

Khabadze, Zurab; Shilyaeva, Ekaterina; Kotelnikova, Alexandra; Todua, David; Bakaev, Yusup; Abdulkerimova, Saida; Mordanov, Oleg

doi:10.1590/pboci.2023.053

Zurab Khabadze

Investigation

Funding Acquisition

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-5503

Ekaterina Shilyaeva

Conceptualization

Software

Formal Analysis

Investigation

Data Curation

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9937-5969

Alexandra Kotelnikova

Methodology

Formal Analysis

Resources

Visualization

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-4561

David Todua

Software

Writing - Original Draft

Supervision

YB Methodology

Investigation

Resources

Data Curation

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6285-3370

Yusup Bakaev

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0179-4717

Saida Abdulkerimova

Data Curation

Writing - Review and Editing

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4471-2128

Oleg Mordanov Correspondence: Oleg Mordanov, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail:mordanov19@gmail.com

Formal Analysis

Project Administration

critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published

Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9878-7045

Correspondence: Oleg Mordanov, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail:mordanov19@gmail.com

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Author	Year	Number of Specimens	Research Material	Examined Tooth Tissue	Observation Method
Sato et al. [⁴[4] Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Vicheva M, Matsui N, Hiraishi N, et al. Effects of different tooth conditioners on the bonding of universal self-etching adhesive to dentin. J Adhes Dent 2019; 21(1):77-85. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917... ]	2019	-	non-carious human third molars and human premolars	Dentin	SEM
Li et al. [⁸[8] Li N, Nikaido T, Alireza S, Takagaki T, Chen JH, Tagami J. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Oper Dent 2013; 38(1):82-90. https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L... ]	2013	50	noncarious human third molars (N=20) and human premolars (N=30)	Enamel	SEM
Kirihara et al. [¹⁰[10] Kirihara M, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Sadr A, Tagami J. Effect of fluoride concentration in adhesives on morphology of acid-base resistant zones. Dent Mater J 2013; 32(4):578-84. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041... ]	2013	21	non-carious human molars	Dentin	SEM
Aung et al. [¹³[13] Aung SSMP, Takagaki T, Ko AK, Halabi S, Sato T, Ikeda M, et al. Adhesion durability of dual-cure resin cements and acid-base resistant zone formation on human dentin. Dent Mater 2019; 35(7):945-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02... ]	2019	30	non-carious human premolars	Dentin	SEM
Nikaido et al. [¹⁴[14] Nikaido T, Nurrohman H, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Nanoleakage in hybrid layer and acid-base resistant zone at the adhesive/dentin interface. Microsc Microanal 2015; 21(5):1271-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015068 https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761501506... ]	2015	9	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	TEM
Guan et al. [¹⁵[15] Guan R, Takagaki T, Matsui N, Sato T, Burrow MF, Palamara J, et al. Dentin bonding performance using Weibull statistics and evaluation of acid-base resistant zone formation of recently introduced adhesives. Dent Mater J 2016; 35(4):684-93. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059... ]	2016	45	noncarious human third molars	Dentin	SEM / TEM
Nikaido et al. [¹⁶[16] Nikaido T, Ichikawa C, Li N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Yoshida Y, et al. Effect of functional monomers in all-in-one adhesive systems on formation of enamel/dentin acid-base resistant zone. Dent Mater J 2011; 30(5):576-82. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214... ]	2011	15	non-carious human molars	Enamel and Dentin	SEM
Ko et al. [¹⁷[17] Ko AK, Matsui N, Nakamoto A, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, et al. Effect of silver diammine fluoride application on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2020; 39(3):407-14. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057... ]	2020	48	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	SEM
Nurrohman et al. [¹⁸[18] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Apatite crystal protection against acid-attack beneath resin-dentin interface with four adhesives: TEM and crystallography evidence. Dent Mater 2012; 28(7):e89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04... ]	2012	12	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	TEM
Sato et al. [¹⁹[19] Sato T, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effects of selective phosphoric acid etching on enamel using "no-wait" self-etching adhesives. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(5):407-15. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135... ]	2018	-	non-carious human third molars and human premolars	Enamel	SEM
Vicheva et al. [²⁰[20] Vicheva M, Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Ikeda M, Burrow MF, et al Effect of repair systems on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2021; 40(4):903-10. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277... ]	2021	20	non-carious human molars	Dentin	SEM
Ochiai et al. [²¹[21] Ochiai Y, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Tagami J. Evaluation of experimental calcium-containing primer in adhesive system on micro-tensile bond strength and acid resistance. Dent Mater J 2019; 38(4):565-72. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266... ]	2019	-	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	SEM
Matsui et al. [²²[22] Matsui N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ikeda M, Ichinose S, Nikaido T, et al. The role of MDP in a bonding resin of a two-step self-etching adhesive system. Dent Mater J 2015; 34(2):227-33. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205... ]	2015	36	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	SEM / TEM
Kakiuchi et al. [²³[23] Kakiuchi Y, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Sato T, Matsui N, Nikaido T, et al. Evaluation of MDP and NaF in two-step selfetch adhesives on enamel microshear bond strength and morphology of the adhesive-enamel interface. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(6):527-34. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632... ]	2018	-	non-carious human third molars	Enamel	SEM
Nurrohman et al. [²⁴[24] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Waidyasekera K, Kitayama S, et al. Dentin bonding performance and ability of four MMA-based adhesive resins to prevent demineralization along the hybrid layer. J Adhes Dent 2012; 14(4):339-48. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764... ]	2012	-	non-carious human third molars	Dentin	SEM

Tooth Tissue	Author	Adhesive System					Surface Conditioning
		Brand Name	Kind	Presence of Components
		Brand Name	Kind	MDP	Fluoride	Calcium
Dentin	Aung et al. [¹³[13] Aung SSMP, Takagaki T, Ko AK, Halabi S, Sato T, Ikeda M, et al. Adhesion durability of dual-cure resin cements and acid-base resistant zone formation on human dentin. Dent Mater 2019; 35(7):945-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02... ]	1. Tooth Primer (TP) Scotchbond Universal adhesive (SCU)	1-SEA 1-SEA	+ +	- -	- -	TP was applied to the dentin for 10 s SBU was applied to dentin for 10 s
		3. Bondmer Lightless (BL)	1-SEA	-	-	-	BL was applied to the dentin for 10 s
Dentin	Nikaido et al. [¹⁴[14] Nikaido T, Nurrohman H, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Nanoleakage in hybrid layer and acid-base resistant zone at the adhesive/dentin interface. Microsc Microanal 2015; 21(5):1271-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015068 https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761501506... ]	Clearfil SE Bond (SEB) Clearfil Bond SE One (SEO) G-Bond Plus (GBP)	2-SEA 1-SEA 1-SEA	+ + -	- + -	- - -	Adhesives were applied on the ground dentin surface
Enamel	Li et al. [⁸[8] Li N, Nikaido T, Alireza S, Takagaki T, Chen JH, Tagami J. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Oper Dent 2013; 38(1):82-90. https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L... ]	Single Bond (SB) 3-step etch and rinse Clearfil SE Bond (SE) 2-SEA PA etching/Clearfil SE Bond primer/Clearfil SE Bond adhesive (PA/SEp+a) PA etching/Clearfil SE Bond adhesive (PA/SEa)		- + + +	- - Combinations: - -	- - - -	Apply etchant for 15 s; water rinse, air dry; apply two coats of adhesive; blow for 5 s. Apply primer for 20 s; air dry for 10 s; apply bond for 10 s; air blow for 10 s. Etch with 35% PA for 15 s, water rinse, air dry; apply primer for 20 s, air dry for 10 s; apply adhesive for 10 s, air blow for 10 s. Etch with 35% PA for 15 s, water rinse, air dry; apply adhesive for 10 s, air blow for 10 s.
Dentin	Guan et al. [¹⁵[15] Guan R, Takagaki T, Matsui N, Sato T, Burrow MF, Palamara J, et al. Dentin bonding performance using Weibull statistics and evaluation of acid-base resistant zone formation of recently introduced adhesives. Dent Mater J 2016; 35(4):684-93. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059... ]	Clearfil SE Bond (SE2) 2-SEA Optibond XTR (XTR) 2-SEA Scotchbond Universal adhesive (SBS) 1-SEA K-etchant gel/Scotchbond Universal adhesive PA + 1-SEA (SBD and SBM)		+ - + +	- + - Combinations: -	- - - -	Apply primer for 20 s; air dry for 10 s; apply bond for 10 s; air blow for 10 s. Apply primer for 15 s; air dry for 5 s; apply bond for 15 s; air blow for 15 s. Apply the adhesive for 20 s; air dry for 5 s. Dry surface (SBD): apply etchant for 15 s; rinse for 10 s; air dry for 5 s; apply adhesive Moist surface (SBM): apply etchant for 15 s; rinse for 10 s; partially dry leaving a visibly moist surface; apply adhesive
Enamel and Dentin	Nikaido et al. [¹⁶[16] Nikaido T, Ichikawa C, Li N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Yoshida Y, et al. Effect of functional monomers in all-in-one adhesive systems on formation of enamel/dentin acid-base resistant zone. Dent Mater J 2011; 30(5):576-82. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214... ]	Experimental all-in-one adhesive (MDP) Experimental all-in-one adhesive (3D-SR) Experimental all-in-one adhesive (4-META)	1-SEA 1-SEA 1-SEA	+ - -	- - -	- - -	Apply adhesive for 20 s; air dry for 5 s
Dentin	Kirihara et al. [¹⁰[10] Kirihara M, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Sadr A, Tagami J. Effect of fluoride concentration in adhesives on morphology of acid-base resistant zones. Dent Mater J 2013; 32(4):578-84. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041... ]	Experimental two-step self-etch adhesive (different fluoride concentrations)	2-SEA	+	+	-	Apply primer for 20 s; air blow; apply bonding agent
Dentin	Ko et al. [¹⁷[17] Ko AK, Matsui N, Nakamoto A, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, et al. Effect of silver diammine fluoride application on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2020; 39(3):407-14. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057... ]	Clearfil SE Bond (SEB)	2-SEA	+	G1: - G2: + G3: +	-	Pre-conditioning treatment for 3 min: Group 1 - in sterile water (control), Group 2 - in 3.8%SDF, Group 3 - in 38%SDF. Apply primer for 20 s; air dry; apply bond
Dentin	Nurrohman et al. [¹⁸[18] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Apatite crystal protection against acid-attack beneath resin-dentin interface with four adhesives: TEM and crystallography evidence. Dent Mater 2012; 28(7):e89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04... ]	Scotchbond multi-purpose (SMP) Clearfil photo bond (CPB) Clearfil SE Bond (CSE) Adper easy bond (AEB)	3-step etch-andrinse 2-step etchand-rinse 2-SEA 1-SEA	- + + -	- - - -	- - - -	Etch with 37% PA for 15 s, water rinse, and air dry; apply primer, air dry; apply adhesive s, air blow Etch with 37% PA for 15 s, water rinse, air dry; apply adhesive s, air blow Adhesives were applied on the ground dentin surface Adhesives were applied on the ground dentin surface
Enamel	Sato et al. [¹⁹[19] Sato T, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effects of selective phosphoric acid etching on enamel using "no-wait" self-etching adhesives. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(5):407-15. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135... ]	Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (UBQ)	1-SEA	+	-	-	For both 1-SEA:
							1. Apply adhesive and immediately air-dried (UBQ-0, GPB- 0), Apply adhesive for 10 s, air-dried (UBQ-10, GPB-10),
		G-Premio Bond (GPB)	1-SEA	+	-	-	3. Etch with 37% PA for 10 s, apply adhesive and immediately air-dried (UBQ-PA, GPB-PA).
Dentin	Sato et al. [⁴[4] Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Vicheva M, Matsui N, Hiraishi N, et al. Effects of different tooth conditioners on the bonding of universal self-etching adhesive to dentin. J Adhes Dent 2019; 21(1):77-85. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917... ]	Adhesive Universal (AU)	1-SEA	+	-	-	Combinations:
							1. AU was applied to the dentin for 20 s; ME was applied for 30 s, water rinse, air dry; AU was applied for 20 s; EC was applied for 10 s, water rinse, and air dry; AU was applied for 20 s; KE was applied for 15 s, water rinse, and air dry; AU was applied for 20 s
Dentin	Vicheva et al. [²⁰[20] Vicheva M, Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Ikeda M, Burrow MF, et al Effect of repair systems on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2021; 40(4):903-10. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277... ]	Clearfil SE Bond (SE2)	2-SEA	+	-	-	Combinations:
							SE2: Apply SE2 primer for 20 s, air dry, apply SE2 adhesive for 20 s;
							KE: Apply KE for 10 s, water rinse, and air dry; apply SE2 primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply SE2 c; AP: Apply Alloy Primer for 5 s, apply SE2 primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply SE2 adhesive for 20 s; PB: Mix and apply Porcelain Bond Activator with a drop of SE2 primer for 20 s, air dry, apply SE2 apply SE2 primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply SE2 adhesive for 20 s
Dentin	Ochiai et al. [²¹[21] Ochiai Y, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Tagami J. Evaluation of experimental calcium-containing primer in adhesive system on micro-tensile bond strength and acid resistance. Dent Mater J 2019; 38(4):565-72. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266... ]	Combinations:					For each group:
		Clearfil SE Bond primer + Clearfil SE Bond (SEP-SEB)	2-SEA	+	-	-	Apply primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply adhesive for 20 s;
		Clearfil SE Bond primer + Clearfil SE Bond (SEP-SEB)	2-SEA	+	-	-
		Clearfil SE Bond primer + Clearfil Protect Bond (SEP-PBB)	2-SEA	+	+	-
		Experimental calcium-containing primer + Clearfil SE Bond (CaP-SEB)	2-SEA	+	-	+
		Experimental calcium-containing primer + Clearfil Protect Bond (CaP-PBB)	2-SEA	+	+	+
Dentin	Matsui et al. [²²[22] Matsui N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ikeda M, Ichinose S, Nikaido T, et al. The role of MDP in a bonding resin of a two-step self-etching adhesive system. Dent Mater J 2015; 34(2):227-33. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205... ]	Clearfil SE Bond (SEB)	2-SEA	+	-	-	Apply primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply adhesive
		Experimental adhesive (EA)	2-SEA	-	-	-
Enamel	Kakiuchi et al. [²³[23] Kakiuchi Y, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Sato T, Matsui N, Nikaido T, et al. Evaluation of MDP and NaF in two-step selfetch adhesives on enamel microshear bond strength and morphology of the adhesive-enamel interface. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(6):527-34. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632... ]	Combinations:					For each group:
		Experimental self-etching primer Compositions of experimental adhesives:	2-SEA	+	-	-	Apply primer for 20 s, air dry, and apply adhesive
		00		-	-	-
		M0		+	-	-
		0F		-	+	-
		MF		+	+	-
Dentin	Nurrohman et al. [²⁴[24] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Waidyasekera K, Kitayama S, et al. Dentin bonding performance and ability of four MMA-based adhesive resins to prevent demineralization along the hybrid layer. J Adhes Dent 2012; 14(4):339-48. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764... ]	M-Bond (MB)	1-SEA	-	-	-	Mix equal amounts of Primer A and B for 10 s, apply to dentin for 20 s, and air dry for 10 s
		M-Bond II (MB2)	1-SEA	-	-	-	Apply primer for 20 s and air dry for 10 s

Tooth Tissue	Author	Outer Lesion (OL)	Presence of ABRZ + -		Morphology of ABRZ	Thickness of ABRZ	Joint between ABRZ and Adhesive
Dentin	Sato et al. [⁴[4] Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Vicheva M, Matsui N, Hiraishi N, et al. Effects of different tooth conditioners on the bonding of universal self-etching adhesive to dentin. J Adhes Dent 2019; 21(1):77-85. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41917... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	1-SEA, ME+1-SEA, EC+1-SEA	KE+1-SEA	1-SEA, ME+1-SEA, EC+1-SEA: relatively regular edge KE+1-SEA: thick hybrid layer	-	1-SEA, ME+1-SEA, EC+1-SEA: funnel-shaped erosion; KE+1-SEA: no erosion
Enamel	Li et al. [⁸[8] Li N, Nikaido T, Alireza S, Takagaki T, Chen JH, Tagami J. Phosphoric acid-etching promotes bond strength and formation of acid-base resistant zone on enamel. Oper Dent 2013; 38(1):82-90. https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L https://doi.org/10.2341/11-422-L... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	2-step etch and rinse; 2-SEA; PA+2-SEA; PA+2-SEA (without primer)	-	SE: relatively regular edge, presence of densely arranged grainlike crystals; SB, PA/ SEp+a, and PA/SEa: irregular and wavelike shape edge, presence of densely arranged crystals;	0.5 µm (SE), 3 µm (SB), 5 µm (PA/ SEp+a), 5 µm (PA/SEa)	SB, PA/ SEp+a, and PA/SEa: no erosion SE: extremely small funnel-shaped erosion
Dentin	Kirihara et al. [¹⁰[10] Kirihara M, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Sadr A, Tagami J. Effect of fluoride concentration in adhesives on morphology of acid-base resistant zones. Dent Mater J 2013; 32(4):578-84. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-041... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	2-SEA	-	0-75% fluoride: relatively uneven edge; 90-100% fluoride: relatively regular edge	ABRZ tended to increase with increasing concentration of NaF in the adhesive	0-20% fluoride: butt joint; 50-75% fluoride: slight slope; 90-100% fluoride: clear, round slope
Dentin	Aung et al. [¹³[13] Aung SSMP, Takagaki T, Ko AK, Halabi S, Sato T, Ikeda M, et al. Adhesion durability of dual-cure resin cements and acid-base resistant zone formation on human dentin. Dent Mater 2019; 35(7):945-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.02... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: 20 µm	1-SEA	-	-	-	TP: butt-joint SBU: funnel-shaped erosion BL: slight erosion
Dentin	Nikaido et al. [¹⁴[14] Nikaido T, Nurrohman H, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Nanoleakage in hybrid layer and acid-base resistant zone at the adhesive/dentin interface. Microsc Microanal 2015; 21(5):1271-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927615015068 https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761501506... ]	Presence: in all groups	1-SEA; 2-SEA	-	Thinner at the top and much thicker at the bottom of the OL	0.51 µm (SEB), 0.46 µm (SEO), 0.34 µm (GBP).	SEB: no erosion SEO: funnel-shaped erosion GBP: funnel-shaped erosion
Dentin	Guan et al. [¹⁵[15] Guan R, Takagaki T, Matsui N, Sato T, Burrow MF, Palamara J, et al. Dentin bonding performance using Weibull statistics and evaluation of acid-base resistant zone formation of recently introduced adhesives. Dent Mater J 2016; 35(4):684-93. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2016-059... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	1-SEA; 2-SEA; Only in the self-etch groups	PA+1-SEA	electron-dense zone with densely arranged crystallites	0.5 µm (SE2), 0.1 µm (XTR), 0.5 µm (SBS)	XTR: slope at the bottom SBS: funnel-shaped erosion
Enamel and Dentin	Nikaido et al. [¹⁶[16] Nikaido T, Ichikawa C, Li N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Yoshida Y, et al. Effect of functional monomers in all-in-one adhesive systems on formation of enamel/dentin acid-base resistant zone. Dent Mater J 2011; 30(5):576-82. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2010-214... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth in dentin: from 10 to 15 µm Depth in enamel: from 10 to 20 µm	1-SEA	-	relatively regular edge in all groups	Dentin: 0.8-1.0 µm (MDP) 0.7-1.0 µm (3D- SR), 0.6-0.7 µm (4- META) Enamel: > 0.5 µm in each adhesive, in MDP thicker than in 3D- SR and 4-META	Enamel: 4-META: funnel-shaped erosion
Dentin	Ko et al. [¹⁷[17] Ko AK, Matsui N, Nakamoto A, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, et al. Effect of silver diammine fluoride application on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2020; 39(3):407-14. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2019-057... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	2-SEA	-	No gap or erosive lesion formation in all specimens	from 0.5 to 1 µm	Group 1: butt joint Group 2, 3: slope
Dentin	Nurrohman et al. [¹⁸[18] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ichinose S, Tagami J. Apatite crystal protection against acid-attack beneath resin-dentin interface with four adhesives: TEM and crystallography evidence. Dent Mater 2012; 28(7):e89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.04... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 15 to 20 µm	2-SEA, 1-SEA	3-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step etch-andrinse (sparsely packed crystals were observed below the HL)	SPB: sparsely packed crystals were observed below the HL, SCE: electron-dense zone with densely arranged crystallites AEB: electron-dense zone with densely arranged crystallites	0.5 µm (SCE), 0.27 µm (AEB)	SMP: funnel-shaped erosion SPB: funnel-shaped erosion SCE: butt joint AEB: funnel-shaped erosion
Enamel	Sato et al. [¹⁹[19] Sato T, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Nikaido T, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effects of selective phosphoric acid etching on enamel using "no-wait" self-etching adhesives. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(5):407-15. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a4135... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 15 to 20 µm	1-SEA, PA+1-SEA	-	-	PA+1-SEA > 1-SEA	1-SEA (UBQ-0, GPB-0, UBQ-10, GPB- 10): funnel-shaped erosion PA+1-SEA UBQ-PA, GPB-PA): no gap or defect
Dentin	Vicheva et al. [²⁰[20] Vicheva M, Sato T, Takagaki T, Baba Y, Ikeda M, Burrow MF, et al Effect of repair systems on dentin bonding performance. Dent Mater J 2021; 40(4):903-10. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2020-277... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 10 to 15 µm	2-SEA	-	SE2, AP, PB: relatively regular edge KE: uneven edge with protrusions	Comparatively similar among the groups (SE2, KE, AP) except for PB, where it was noticeably thinner	SE2: slight slope KE: funnel-shaped erosion AP, PB: no erosion
Dentin	Ochiai et al. [²¹[21] Ochiai Y, Inoue G, Nikaido T, Ikeda M, Tagami J. Evaluation of experimental calcium-containing primer in adhesive system on micro-tensile bond strength and acid resistance. Dent Mater J 2019; 38(4):565-72. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2018-266... ]	Presence: in all groups	2-SEA	-	In all groups relatively0.25 μm (SEP-SEB) - regular edge the thinnest, >1.0 μm (SEP-PBB), >0.5 μm (CaP-SEB), >1.0 μm (CaP-PBB)		SEP-PBB and CaP-PBB (in the fluoride bond groups): slope SEB-SEP and CaP-SEB: funnel-shaped erosion
Dentin	Matsui et al. [²²[22] Matsui N, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Ikeda M, Ichinose S, Nikaido T, et al. The role of MDP in a bonding resin of a two-step self-etching adhesive system. Dent Mater J 2015; 34(2):227-33. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2014-205... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 15 to 20 µm	2-SEA	-	SEB and EA: similar thickness of ABRZ. SEB: In the forefront of ABRZ, a high electron density area with a sharp edge; EA: In the forefront of ABRZ, a lower electron density while the forefront	1.0 μm (SEB), 1.0 μm (EA)	SEB: butt joint, EA: funnel-shaped erosion
Enamel	Kakiuchi et al. [²³[23] Kakiuchi Y, Takagaki T, Ikeda M, Sato T, Matsui N, Nikaido T, et al. Evaluation of MDP and NaF in two-step selfetch adhesives on enamel microshear bond strength and morphology of the adhesive-enamel interface. J Adhes Dent 2018; 20(6):527-34. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a41632... ]	Presence: in all groups Depth: from 15 to 20 µm	2-SEA	-	-	0.5 μm (00), 0.5 μm (M0), 1.0 μm (0F), 1.0 μm (MF)	00: funnel-shaped erosion M0: funnel-shaped erosion 0F: no erosion MF: slope
Dentin	Nurrohman et al. [²⁴[24] Nurrohman H, Nikaido T, Takagaki T, Sadr A, Waidyasekera K, Kitayama S, et al. Dentin bonding performance and ability of four MMA-based adhesive resins to prevent demineralization along the hybrid layer. J Adhes Dent 2012; 14(4):339-48. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764 https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a22764... ]	Presence: in all groups	1-SEA	-	-	0.5 μm (MB), 0.5 μm (MB2)	MB: funnel-shaped erosion MB2: funnel-shaped erosion

[1] Correspondence: Oleg Mordanov, Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia. E-mail:mordanov19@gmail.com

P (Participants)	Self-etch and etch-and-rinse adhesive systems
I (Intervention)	Direct restorations with the self-etch and etch-and-rinse protocols
C (Comparison)	Resistance to acid and base of enamel and dentine in self-etch and etch-and-rinse protocols
O (Outcome)	An acid-base resistant zone (ABRZ). Formation of nano-layered structures. Adhesive stability.

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Acid-Base Resistant Zone in Teeth with the Direct Restoration Using Different Adhesive System Generations: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Material and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: