Remineralizing Potential of Nano-Silver-Fluoride for Tooth Enamel: An Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis

Silva, Amitis Vieira Costa e; Teixeira, Joás de Araújo; Melo Júnior, Paulo Correia de; Lima, Maria Goretti de Souza; Mota, Claudia Cristina Brainer de Oliveira; Lins, Emery Cleiton Cabral Correia; Pereira, José Ricardo Dias; Gomes, Anderson Stevens Leônidas; Targino, Andréa Gadelha Ribeiro; Rosenblatt, Aronita

doi:10.4034/PBOCI.2019.191.50

Amitis Vieira Costa e Silva

Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6018-2446

Joás de Araújo Teixeira Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Joás de Araújo Teixeira, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil. 54756-220. Phone: +55 81 3184-7659. E-mail: joasaraujo@hotmail.com.

Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-0159

Paulo Correia de Melo Júnior

Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6586-1424

Maria Goretti de Souza Lima

Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2539-2357

Claudia Cristina Brainer de Oliveira Mota

Faculty of Dentistry, Center University Tabosa de Almeida, Caruaru, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7909-5908

Emery Cleiton Cabral Correia Lins

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7967-6163

José Ricardo Dias Pereira

School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-3139

Anderson Stevens Leônidas Gomes

Department of Physics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-6570

Andréa Gadelha Ribeiro Targino

Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7492-4714

Aronita Rosenblatt

Graduate Program in Dentistry, State University of Pernambuco, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4606-6374

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Joás de Araújo Teixeira, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil. 54756-220. Phone: +55 81 3184-7659. E-mail: joasaraujo@hotmail.com.

Academic Editors: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti and Wilton Wilney Nascimento Padilha

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors	Objective	Conclusion
Fried et al. ^[¹⁰[10] Fried D, Staninec M, Darling CL, Chan KH, Pelzner RB. Clinical monitoring of early caries lesions using cross polarization optical coherence tomography. Proc SPIE Int Soc Opt Eng 2013; 8566. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2011014 https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2011014... ^]	Quantitative evaluation of enamel remineralization by the CP-OCT System (1,321 nm) in vivo before and after the application of fluoride.	OCT was able to clinically monitor enamel remineralization.
Nakagawa ^[¹¹[11] Nakagawa H, Sadrb A, Shimada Y, Tagami J, Sumi Y. Validation of swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for the diagnosis of smooth surface caries in vitro. J Dent 2013; 41(1):80-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.10.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.10.... ^]	To assess the extent of caries on smooth surfacesvia the SS-OCT System (1,310 nm) in vitro as compared to a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)	OCT was suitable for early diagnosis but dependent on clinical experience and the interpretation of the images
Hilsen and Jones ^[¹²[12] Hilsen ZV, Jones RS. Comparing potential early caries assessment methods for teledentistry. BMC Oral Health 2013; 13:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-13-16 https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-13-16... ^]	To evaluate and compare three methods, Midwest Caries ID (MID), visual photographic examination (CAM), and in vitro CP-OCT (1,310 nm), for use in the detection of enamel demineralization.	MID and CP-OCT were not superior to CAM for use in teledentistry.
Mota et al. ^[¹³[13] Mota CCBO, Gueiros LA, Maia AMA, Santos-Silva AR, Gomes ASL, Alves FA, et al. Optical coherence tomography as an auxiliary tool for the screening of radiation-related caries. Photomed Laser Surg 2013; 31(7):301-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2012.3415 https://doi.org/10.1089/pho.2012.3415... ^]	To evaluate morphological changes in caries via the SR-OCT system (930 nm) and compare the results with those achieved via polarized light microscopy in vitro.	Equivalent results, but OCT has clinical applicability, and the other method does not.
Gomez et al.^[¹⁴[14] Gomez J, Zakian C, Salsone S, Pinto SCS, Taylora A, Pretty LA, Ellwood R. In vitro performance of different methods in detecting occlusal caries lesions. J Dent 2013; 41(2):180-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.11.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2012.11.... ^]	Evaluate the performance of International Caries Detection and Assessment (ICDAS), fiber-optic transillumination (FOTI), SS-OCT (1,315 nm), and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) in the diagnosis of occlusal caries in vitro.	They were equivalent, but visual inspection was sufficient for diagnosis and the determination of caries depth.
Liu and Jones ^[¹⁵[15] Liu X, Jones RS. Evaluating a novel fissure caries model using swept source optical coherence tomography. Dent Mater J 2013; 32(6):906-12. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-075 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2013-075... ^]	Evaluate caries in cracks via the SS-OCT System (1,325 nm) as compared to high-resolution x-ray tomography images in vitro.	OCT was accurate in evaluating the lesion in terms of depth but not in terms of lateral extension.
Nazari et al. ^[¹⁶[16] Nazari A, Sadr A, Campillo-Funollet M, Nakashima S, Shimada Y, Tagami J, Sumi Y. Effect of hydration on assessment of early enamel lesion using swept-source optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics 2013; 6(2):171-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201200012 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201200012... ^]	A longitudinal in vitro study evaluated the subsurface enamel lesion progression after 3, 9, and 15 days under hydrated and dry conditions via SS-OCT (1,310 nm).	Hydrated samples are more suitable for evaluating reflectance.
Holtzman et al. ^[¹⁷[17] Holtzman JS, Ballantine J, Fontana M, Wang A, Calantog A, Benavides E, et al. Assessment of early occlusal caries pre- and post- sealant application - An imaging approach. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46(6):499-507. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22249 https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22249... ^]	Detection of occlusal caries by means of light fluorescence the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS II), intraoral digital radiography, and SS-OCT (1,310 nm) pre- and post-sealant in vitro.	There was betterperformance on the part of OCT for surfaces with and without sealant.
Cara et al. ^[¹⁸[18] Cara ACB, Zezell DM, Ana PA, Maldonado EP, Freitas AZ. Evaluation of two quantitative analysis methods of optical coherence tomography for detection of enamel demineralization and comparison with microhardness. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46(9):666-71. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22292 https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22292... ^]	To evaluate the demineralization of the enamel by the SR-OCT System (930 nm) by calculating the optical attenuation coefficient and the area under the A-scan signal, as well as subsequent comparison with microhardness analysis in vitro.	Both methods were able to characterize dental enamel demineralization.
Shimada et al. ^[¹⁹[19] Shimada Y, Nakagawa H, Sadr A, Wada I, Nakajima M, Nikaido T, et al. Noninvasive cross-sectional imaging of proximal caries using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in vivo. J Biophotonics 2014; 7(7):506-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201200210 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201200210... ^]	To compare SS-OCT images (1,330 nm) and bitewing to assess the depth of proximal caries in the posterior teeth in vivo.	OCT responded satisfactorily to enamel, but it had limitations when caries were located in the dentin.
Nakajima et al. ^[²⁰[20] Nakajima Y, Shimada Y, Sadr A, Wada I, Miyashin M, Takagi Y, et al. Detection of occlusal caries in primary teeth using swept source optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19(1):16020. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.016020 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.19.1.01602... ^]	To evaluate SS-OCT (1,330 nm) for use as a diagnostic tool for occlusal caries in deciduous teeth as compared with visual inspection and with confocal laser scanning microscope images in vitro.	The results indicate that SS-OCT was able to diagnose caries in primary teeth.
Ibusuki et al. ^[²¹[21] Ibusuki T, KitasakoY, Sadr A, Shimada Y, Sumi Y, Tagam J. Observation of white spot lesions using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT): In vitro and in vivo study. Dent Mater J 2015; 34(4):545-52. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2015-058 https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2015-058... ^]	In vitro evaluation of SS-OCT (1,330 nm) use in the quantification of white spot depth in comparison with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and light microscopy images, as well as with the ICDAS in vivo.	The in vitro results of the SS-OCT were compatible with those of microscopy, and in vivo, SS-OCT was able to establish the depth of the lesion.
Chan et al. ^[²²[22] Chan KH, Chan AC, Fried WF, Simon JC, Darling CL, Fried D. Use of 2D images of depth and integrated reflectivity to represent the severity of demineralization in cross-polarization optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics 2015; 8:36-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201300137 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201300137... ^]	To evaluate the ability to diagnose the depth of initial lesions in vitro through 2D images captured via CP-OCT (1,317 nm) as comparing to histology via polarized light microscopy.	CP-OCT minimized the interference of reflexivity at the surface of the lesion. It was suitable for monitoring in vivo and in vitro lesions.
Wijesinghe et al. ^[²³[23] Wijesinghe RE, Cho NH, Park K, Jeon M, Kim J. Bio-photonic detection and quantitative evaluation method for the progression of dental caries using optical frequency-domain imaging method. Sensors 2016; 16(12):E2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122076 https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122076... ^]	Evaluation of the evolution of occlusal caries in the enamel in vitro via the SD-OCT System (1,310 nm): partially and completely demineralized.	SD-OCT was able to produce quantitative result in all situations.
Chan et al. ^[²⁴[24] Chan KH, Tom H, Lee RC, Kang H, Simon JC, Staninec M, et al. Clinical monitoring of smooth surface enamel lesions using CP-OCT during on surgical intervention. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48(10):915-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22500 https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22500... ^]	To evaluate the ability of the CP-OCT System (1,321 nm) to monitor caries remineralization on smooth surfaces in vivo.	CP-OCT was able to evaluate microstructural changes resulting from enamel remineralization.
Lee et al. ^[²⁵[25] Lee RC, Staninec M, Le O, Fried D. Infrared methods for assessment of the activity of natural enamel caries lesions. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 2016; 22(3):6803609. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2542481 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2016.25424... ^]	Natural enamel caries lesions were assessed in vitro via the detection of the surface layer with PS-OCT (1,317 nm), and dehydration rate measurements were performed with NIR reflectance and thermal imaging modalities.	The OCT system was able to measure the caries quantitatively.
Ueno et al. ^[²⁶[26] Ueno T, Shimada Y, Matin K, Zhou Y, Wada I, Sadr A, Sumi Y, Tagami J. Optical analysis of enamel and dentin caries in relation to mineral density using swept-source optical coherence tomography. J Med Imaging 2016; 3(3):035507. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.3.3.035507 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JMI.3.3.035507... ^]	To evaluate the intensity and attenuation of an SS-OCT signal (1,310 nm) in the dentin and enamel via the variation of mineral density as compared to transverse microradiography images in vitro.	There was increased intensity and attenuation of the signal in demineralized and healthy enamel; in dentin, this was true only to a depth of 75 µm.
Maia et al. ^[²⁷[27] Maia AMA, Freitas AZ, Campello SL, Gomes ASL, Karlsson L. Evaluation of dental enamel caries assessment using quantitative light induced fluorescence and optical coherence tomography. J Biophotonics 2016; 9(6):596-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201500111 https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201500111... ^]	Evaluate the morphological differences between sound dental structure and artificially induced white spot lesions in human teeth viaquantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) and alterations of the light attenuation coefficient via SR-OCT (930nm) in vitro.	Both were suitable. However, SR-OCT revealed more intense optical changes than QLF.

Groups	Type
G1	Experimental	Nanosilver Fluoride (NSF)
G2	Positive control	Sodium Fluoride (NaF)
G3	Negative control	None

[1] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Joás de Araújo Teixeira, Av. General Newton Cavalcanti, 1650, Tabatinga, Camaragibe, PE, Brazil. 54756-220. Phone: +55 81 3184-7659. E-mail: joasaraujo@hotmail.com.

Brasil

Brasil

Remineralizing Potential of Nano-Silver-Fluoride for Tooth Enamel: An Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis

Abstract

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Material and Methods:

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