Leaf inoculation of <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> and <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> in hydroponic arugula improve productive components and plant nutrition and reduce leaf nitrate

Oliveira, Carlos Eduardo da Silva; Jalal, Arshad; Oliveira, Julia Revolti; Tamburi, Karen Vicentini; Teixeira Filho, Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto

doi:10.1590/1983-40632022v5272755

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Research Article • Pesq. Agropec. Trop., Goiânia 52 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632022v5272755 copy

Leaf inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and Trichoderma harzianum in hydroponic arugula improve productive components and plant nutrition and reduce leaf nitrate

Inoculação foliar de Azospirillum brasilense e Trichoderma harzianum em rúcula hidropônica melhoram os componentes produtivos e nutrição das plantas e reduzem o nitrato foliar

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Using beneficial fungi and bacteria to plant growth may reduce the leaf nitrate content and improve the quality of produced food. This study aimed to evaluate the isolated and combined effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Trichoderma hazianum at two electrical conductivities on the nutrition and production of hydroponic arugula cultivation. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with five replications. The treatments consisted of inoculations (non-inoculated, A. brasilense, T. harzianum and co-inoculation) and two electrical conductivities (1.4 and 1.6 dS m^-1). The isolated inoculation of T. harzianum and A. brasilense produced a higher root fresh mass, while the leaf chlorophyll index was higher with the inoculation of A. brasilense, concerning the other treatments. The inoculation of A. brasilense reduced the nitrate content in the arugula leaves. The inoculations and co-inoculation of A. brasilense and T. harzianum improved the yield components and plant nutrition, reduced the leaf nitrate content and promoted the biofortification of arugula leaves with Zn and Fe. In addition, the inoculation with T. harzianum increased the P and S leaf content.

KEYWORDS
Eruca sativa ; growth-promoting microorganisms; nutrient film technique

Inoculations	SFM	RFM	SDM	RDM	LCI	YIELD
Inoculations	g plant^-1				LCI	g m^-2
Non-inoculation	213.00	29.33	13.67	3.67	33.33	4,153.50
Azospirillum brasilense	232.17	48.50	14.33	4.33	36.92	4,527.25
Trichoderma hazianum	265.00	51.17	16.00	5.67	42.28	5,167.50
Co-inoculation	215.00	45.00	14.67	4.67	37.63	4,192.50
EC
1.4 dS m^-1	229.50	41.67	14.08	4.08	35.53	4,475.30
1.6 dS m^-1	233.08	45.33	15.25	5.08	39.55	4,545.10
Variation factor	Probability
Block	0.27^ns	0.56^ns	0.41^ns	0.14^ns	0.70^ns	0.27^ns
EC	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.06^ns	0.00**
Inoculation	0.00**	0.00**	0.03*	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
EC * INO	0.00**	0.01**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
CV (%)	11.91	7.97	5.67	8.91	5.23	7.72

Inoculations	NH₄⁺-shoot	NO₃^--shoot	N-shoot	NH₄⁺-root	NO₃^- -root	N-root
Inoculations	mg m^-2		g m^-2	mg m^-2		g m^-2
Non-inoculation	255.63	678.11	10.18	140.89	93.70	2.37
Azospirillum brasilense	641.53	367.66	13.78	164.24	49.38	3.33
Trichoderma hazianum	710.67	202.22	15.45	200.37	46.42	4.66
Co-inoculation	972.32	213.92	19.91	244.45	41.78	6.53
EC
1.4 dS m^-1	965.03	170.18	19.79	211.53	35.69	3.46
1.6 dS m^-1	325.04	560.78	9.87	163.44	79.95	4.99
Variation factor	Probability
Block	0.93^ns	0.32^ns	0.68^ns	0.23^ns	0.30^ns	0.22^ns
EC	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
Inoculation	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
EC * INO	0.00**	0.00**	0.01**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
CV (%)	7.44	13.64	6.35	9.42	14.11	8.17

Inoculations	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	Zn	Mn	Fe
Inoculations	g kg^-1					mg kg^-1
Non-inoculation	8.2	64.7	13.6 b	5.3 ab	17.0	126.0	92.8	79.5
Azospirillum brasilense	16.2	86.8	16.4 a	5.4 ab	23.4	179.8	95.8	82.8
Trichoderma hazianum	10.8	91.3	16.1 a	5.6 a	19.4	135.7	99.5	72.2
Co-inoculation	7.7	92.2	13.9 b	5.0 b	16.2	158.8	92.0	83.2
EC
1.4 dS m^-1	9.7	79.9	14.8 A	5.4 A	18.3	141.4	102.7	79.4
1.6 dS m^-1	11.7	87.5	15.2 A	5.2 A	19.7	158.8	87.4	79.4
Variation factor	Probability
Block	0.26^ns	0.16^ns	0.56^ns	0.22^ns	0.42^ns	0.13^ns	0.78^ns	0.37^ns
EC	0.00**	0.00**	0.40^ns	0.08^ns	0.00**	0.00**	0.02*	0.03*
Inoculation	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
EC * INO	0.00**	0.00**	0.16^ns	0.11^ns	0.01**	0.00**	0.00**	0.00**
CV (%)	7.97	9.12	11.91	9.72	9.72	8.75	9.89	17.57

Escola de Agronomia/UFG Caixa Postal 131 - Campus II, 74001-970 Goiânia-GO / Brasil, 55 62 3521-1552 - Goiânia - GO - Brazil
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[TFN1] ^ns Not significant; ** significant at 1 %; * significant at 5 % of probability by the F-test. CV: coefficient of variation; EC: electrical conductivities; INO: inoculations.