Cover plants in second crop: nutrients in straw and cotton yield in succession

Ferreira, Alexandre Cunha de Barcellos; Borin, Ana Luiza Dias Coelho; Lamas, Fernando Mendes; Sofiatti, Valdinei

doi:10.1590/1983-40632023v5375032

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 53 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632023v5375032 copy

Cover plants in second crop: nutrients in straw and cotton yield in succession

Plantas de cobertura em segunda safra: nutrientes na palhada e produtividade de algodoeiro em sucessão

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The cultivation of cover plants is a strategy for improving the agricultural production environment and providing straw for soil cover in the no-tillage system, in addition to cycling and providing nutrients to succeeding crops. This study aimed to assess the dry matter yield and nutrients accumulation by cover plants grown alone or intercropped in the second crop after soybean and their effects on cotton grown in succession. The treatments were: Urochloa ruziziensis; Pennisetum glaucum (millet); Zea mays (corn); Crotalaria spectabilis; Crotalaria ochroleuca; Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea); corn + U. ruziziensis; C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis; C. ochroleuca + U. ruziziensis; pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis; corn + C. spectabilis; corn + C. ochroleuca; and corn + pigeon pea. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications, and the experiment was carried out in two crop seasons. In the cotton pre-seeding, the maximum amount of corn straw dry matter was 2,699 kg ha^-1, with low macronutrient contents. The pigeon pea intercropped with U. ruziziensis produced between 8,400 and 12,941 kg ha^-1 of dry matter, with a maximum content of 223 and 323 kg ha^-1 of nitrogen and potassium, respectively. The U. ruziziensis, grown alone or intercropped, provided between 140 and 323 kg ha^-1 of potassium in the straw. A high yield is obtained by cotton grown in the no-tillage system in succession to C. spectabilis.

KEYWORDS:
Urochloa ruziziensis; Gossypium hirsutum L.; green manures; no-tillage system

Depth (cm)	pH in water⁽¹⁾	P⁽²⁾	K⁽³⁾	Ca⁽⁴⁾	Mg⁽⁵⁾	Al⁽⁶⁾	Clay	Silt	Sand
Depth (cm)	pH in water⁽¹⁾	mg dm^-3	^{_____________________} cmol_c dm^{-3 _____________________}				^{_________________} g kg^{-1 _________________}
0-5	5.7	3.8	0.27	1.37	0.70	0.02	365	158	477
6-10	5.6	8.5	0.24	1.23	0.59	0.05	480	176	344
11-20	5.5	3.5	0.18	1.21	0.58	0.07	501	125	374
21-40	5.7	0.7	0.15	1.00	0.46	0.00	480	143	377

Treatments	Dry matter	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
Cover plants (CP)	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.
Year	ns	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.
CP x year	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance. N: nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; Ca: calcium; Mg: magnesium; S: sulfur.
Coefficient of variation (%)	23.2	30.3	65.5	28.2	30.1	39.3	53.2
Cover plants	2015
Millet	1,313 c	9 b	0.2 b	2 d	7 c	3 d	1.1 b
Crotalaria spectabilis	5,171 b	68 a	1.5 b	91 c	49 a	15 b	8.2 a
Crotalaria ochroleuca	3,172 c	22 b	0.2 b	21 d	16 c	6 d	1.5 b
Pigeon pea	6,414 b	88 a	5.0 a	67 c	48 a	13 c	4.9 b
Urochloa ruziziensis	6,521 b	44 a	2.5 b	140 b	42 a	22 b	5.2 b
C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis	10,283 a	85 a	5.4 a	195 a	61 a	34 a	11.8 a
C. ochroleuca +U. ruziziensis	8,991 a	67 a	3.7 a	213 a	51 a	20 b	6.5 a
Pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis	8,418 a	78 a	3.7 a	199 a	53 a	20 b	8.2 a
Corn	2,699 c	7 b	0.2 b	5 d	9 c	5 d	0.7 b
Corn + U. ruziziensis	7,803 a	61 a	2.5 b	148 b	43 a	23 b	7.1 a
Corn + C. spectabilis	6,965 b	53 a	1.2 b	41 d	36 a	16 b	4.1 b
Corn + C. ochroleuca	2,596 c	12 b	0.3 b	5 d	7 c	5 d	0.6 b
Corn + pigeon pea	5,981 b	55 a	1.5 b	26 d	29 b	11 c	4.3 b
Means	5,871	50	2.1	89	35	15	4.9
Cover plants	2016
Millet	6,562 c	109 c	7.6 c	190 b	45 c	11 b	11.5 b
Crotalaria spectabilis	2,988 d	40 d	3.3 d	52 d	27 d	6 c	6.2 b
Crotalaria ochroleuca	2,199 d	39 d	2.2 d	39 d	14 e	5 c	4.9 c
Pigeon pea	11,908 a	204 a	11.0 b	172 b	91 a	10 b	6.3 b
Urochloa ruziziensis	6,030 c	80 c	3.8 d	172 b	34 d	16 a	7.4 b
C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis	5,688 c	99 c	6.9 c	186 b	34 d	14 b	8.5 b
C. ochroleuca +U. ruziziensis	5,510 c	77 c	6.1 c	162 b	31 d	11 b	6.9 b
Pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis	12,941 a	223 a	18.2 a	323 a	89 a	19 a	19.9 a
Corn	1,433 d	11 d	0.2 d	2 d	5 e	1 c	1.0 c
Corn + U. ruziziensis	9,189 b	109 c	9.4 b	287 a	50 c	19 a	7.5 b
Corn + C. spectabilis	1,987 d	38 d	2.3 d	34 d	23 e	3 c	4.5 c
Corn + C. ochroleuca	3,339 d	39 d	2.2 d	40 d	19 e	5 c	3.0 c
Corn + pigeon pea	8,735 b	146 b	7.0 c	113 c	66 b	10 b	6.2 b
Means	6,039	93	6.2	136	41	10	7.2

Treatments	Yield (kg ha^-1)		Height (cm)
Cover plants (CP)	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 5 % and 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance.		^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 5 % and 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance.
Year	^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 5 % and 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance.		^ not significant at 5 % and significant at 5 % and 1 % of probability, respectively, by the F test. Within each year, means grouped by the same letter in the column do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5 % of significance.
CP x year	^* * and		ns
Coefficient of variation (%)	7.3		7.3
Cover plants	2015-2016	2016-2017	2015-2016	2016-2017
Millet	3,103 c	4,980 b	67 c	113 b
Crotalaria spectabilis	4,383 a	5,376 a	92 a	127 a
Crotalaria ochroleuca	3,802 b	5,252 a	81 b	128 a
Pigeon pea	3,159 c	5,120 a	64 c	119 b
Urochloa ruziziensis	3,423 c	4,922 b	67 c	113 b
C. spectabilis + U. ruziziensis	3,907 b	5,623 a	78 b	124 a
C. ochroleuca +U. ruziziensis	3,216 c	5,324 a	62 c	112 b
Pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis	3,547 c	5,156 a	66 c	118 b
Corn	3,450 c	4,916 b	72 c	116 b
Corn + U. ruziziensis	3,432 c	4,773 b	65 c	110 b
Corn + C. spectabilis	3,489 c	4,935 b	69 c	120 b
Corn + C. ochroleuca	3,460 c	4,761 b	71 c	116 b
Corn + pigeon pea	3,628 c	4,670 b	71 c	113 b
Means	3,538	5,062	71	118

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[TFN1] ¹
pH in water (soil:water = 1:2.5);

[TFN2] ²
available phosphorus and

[TFN3] ³
exchangeable potassium, extracted by Mehlich-1;

[TFN4] ⁴
exchangeable calcium and

[TFN5] ⁵
magnesium and

[TFN6] ⁶
aluminium, extracted by KCl 1 mol L^-1.