Variabilidade fenotípica de frutos e sementes em populações naturais de <i>Hymenaea stigonocarpa</i> (Mart. Ex Hayne)

Castro, Rodrigo Soares de; Gonçalves, Ariany Rosa; Braga-Ferreira, Ramilla dos Santos; Telles, Mariana Pires de Campos; Chaves, Lázaro José

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Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical

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Special Supplement: Cerrado [Brazilian Savanna] • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 51 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632021v5167292 copiar

Variabilidade fenotípica de frutos e sementes em populações naturais de Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne)

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Hymenaea stigonocarpa (Mart. Ex Hayne), popularmente conhecida como jatobá-do-cerrado, é uma árvore frutífera amplamente distribuída no Cerrado, a qual possui múltiplos usos e é um recurso genético promissor. Objetivou-se caracterizar fisicamente frutos e sementes de H. stigonocarpa, bem como estimar a variabilidade fenotípica em três níveis hierárquicos: populações, matrizes dentro de populações e frutos/sementes dentro de matrizes. Frutos de seis matrizes foram amostrados de cada uma das 25 populações naturais encontradas no Cerrado. A caracterização morfométrica de 742 frutos foi realizada avaliando-se 10 caracteres quantitativos em frutos e sementes. Além disso, foram realizadas análises comparativas entre os valores médios de H. stigonocarpa e a variedade botânica H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata. Variações fenotípicas significativas ocorreram em todos os níveis hierárquicos. Observou-se alta diferenciação fenotípica entre as populações para caracteres quantitativos (massa e tamanho do fruto, massa da polpa e da semente), a qual foi ainda maior quando H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata foi incluída na análise

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Cerrado; pré-melhoramento genético; jatobá-do-cerrado

Population	FL	FW	FT	LWR	WTR	FM	PM	YIELD	NSF	M1S
1	105.06	44.38	33.11	2.40	1.36	41.52	7.27	17.06	3.30	2.34
2	111.74	41.12	34.68	2.75	1.19	36.26	8.78	22.64	4.87	1.68
3	120.41	40.48	33.71	2.98	1.20	36.95	6.31	16.83	5.03	2.19
4	118.27	42.54	35.81	2.79	1.19	37.29	7.61	20.65	5.47	2.63
5	111.29	40.90	34.76	2.73	1.18	44.00	10.99	24.91	3.57	2.95
6	118.69	41.89	35.39	2.84	1.18	52.58	9.59	18.64	4.62	3.02
7	131.62	47.35	35.61	2.79	1.33	66.99	13.39	20.82	5.80	3.41
8	117.57	43.33	37.13	2.73	1.16	58.25	13.71	25.97	5.07	3.22
9	127.64	40.77	34.29	3.13	1.19	53.11	13.57	26.29	4.47	2.98
10	113.66	44.09	35.92	2.58	1.24	63.81	16.18	25.60	4.30	3.17
11	147.48	47.44	36.69	3.09	1.29	81.29	16.31	20.63	5.75	3.61
12	158.18	48.54	39.25	3.26	1.26	93.75	19.96	21.35	6.20	3.61
13	112.28	48.54	33.95	2.31	1.46	58.19	12.96	22.35	4.33	2.80
14	99.59	41.31	32.61	2.40	1.28	45.33	10.95	24.18	3.93	2.77
15	149.27	47.98	37.20	3.12	1.31	78.67	15.83	20.87	6.30	4.73
16	128.26	43.01	34.35	3.00	1.25	62.74	12.13	20.19	6.23	3.16
17	133.94	47.87	33.66	2.80	1.42	63.95	14.23	23.13	4.40	3.45
18	130.80	44.36	33.02	2.95	1.35	64.04	14.58	22.97	5.27	2.76
19	134.28	43.71	35.26	3.07	1.24	65.59	11.20	17.43	7.17	2.49
20	118.28	39.88	34.29	2.96	1.17	49.27	10.96	22.69	5.37	3.39
21	122.73	42.44	32.31	2.90	1.32	52.03	10.42	20.31	6.47	3.26
22	114.59	44.50	36.40	2.57	1.22	52.64	13.74	27.13	4.33	3.53
23	144.60	45.18	36.70	3.20	1.24	78.41	18.78	24.97	5.80	4.09
24	136.58	48.61	35.46	2.81	1.38	71.30	14.32	20.43	6.23	3.51
25	115.69	40.75	31.92	2.84	1.29	48.92	11.17	22.38	4.87	3.08
Average	124.89	44.05	34.93	2.84	1.27	58.26	12.64	22.07	5.17	3.11
Minimum	75.66	29.97	23.36	1.77	0.89	11.81	0.12	0.25	1.00	0.32
Maximum	220.00	72.96	50.24	4.35	2.33	191.88	39.02	48.42	15.00	8.25
CV (%)	20.15	14.09	11.09	15.10	14.30	44.06	47.74	31.94	47.87	33.80

Source of variation	DF	Mean Square
Source of variation	DF	FL	FW	FT	LWR	WTR	FM	PM	YIELD	NSF	M1S
Populations	24	6,295.4^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	253.36^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	91.50^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	1.88^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	0.20^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	6,640.6^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	363.15^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	288.51^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	28.50^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	11.52^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.
Plant/Population	125	1,109.9^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	101.57^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	41.98^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	0.35^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	0.12^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	1,081.4^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	70.01^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	129.54^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	12.23^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.	2.44^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test; PS, PM/S and PN/M: proportion of the total variance due to variation among populations, among mother plants within populations and among fruits or seeds within mother plants, respectively; PST and PST2: phenotypic divergence among populations with and without the H. stigonocarpa var. brevipetiolata botanical variety, respectively.
Fruit or seed/Plant	592	303.3	16.47	6.21	0.08	0.01	327.1	17.63	30.72	3.92	0.40
P_S (%)		0.27	0.13	0.11	0.28	0.08	0.28	0.26	0.10	0.09	0.27
P_M/S (%)		0.25	0.44	0.48	0.30	0.66	0.23	0.28	0.36	0.27	0.37
P_N/M (%)		0.47	0.42	0.41	0.43	0.26	0.49	0.46	0.55	0.64	0.36
P_ST		0.35	0.13	0.10	0.32	0.06	0.38	0.32	0.12	0.14	0.27
P_ST2		0.33	0.16	0.12	0.25	0.09	0.37	0.33	0.12	0.10	0.20

	FW	FT	LWR	WTR	FM	PM	YIELD	NSF	M1S
FL	0.62^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.32^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.70^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.34^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.85^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.58^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.25^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.62^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.54^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
FW	-	0.34^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.11^ns	0.69^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.71^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.14^ns	0.28^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.44^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
FT	-	-	0.07^ns	0.43^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.51^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.16^ns	0.22^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.36^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
LWR	-	-	-	- 0.17^* **, * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.41^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.23^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	- 0.20^* **, * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.27^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
WTR	-	-	-	-	0.29^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.10^ns	- 0.25^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.09^ns	0.14^ns
FM	-	-	-	-	-	0.78^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.12^ns	0.60^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.61^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
PM	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.50^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.26^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.46^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
YIELD	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.40^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.08^ns
M1S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.16^ns

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[TFN1] FL: fruit length (mm); FW: fruit width (mm); FT: fruit thickness (mm); LWR: length-to-width fruit ratio (mm); WTR: width-to-thickness fruit ratio (mm); FM: fruit mass (g); PM: pulp mass (g); YIELD: pulp yield (%; PM/FM); NSF: number of seeds per fruit; M1S: mass of one seed (g).

	FW	FT	LWR	WTR	FM	PM	YIELD	NSF	M1S
FL	0.62^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.32^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.70^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.34^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.85^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.58^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.25^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.62^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.54^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
FW	-	0.34^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.11^ns	0.69^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.71^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.14^ns	0.28^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.44^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
FT	-	-	0.07^ns	0.43^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.51^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.16^ns	0.22^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.36^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
LWR	-	-	-	- 0.17^* **, * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.41^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.23^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	- 0.20^* **, * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.53^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.27^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
WTR	-	-	-	-	0.29^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.10^ns	- 0.25^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.09^ns	0.14^ns
FM	-	-	-	-	-	0.78^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.12^ns	0.60^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.61^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
PM	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.50^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.26^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	0.46^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.
YIELD	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.40^ , * Significant at 1 % and 5 % of probability, respectively, by the F-test.	-0.08^ns
M1S	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.16^ns