Effects of biotite syenite on the nutrient levels and electrical charges in a Brazilian Savanna Ferralsol

Santos, Luiz Fernando dos; Sodré, Fernando Fabriz; Martins, Éder de Souza; Figueiredo, Cícero Célio de; Busato, Jader Galba

doi:10.1590/1983-40632021v5166691

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Special Supplement: Cerrado [Brazilian Savanna] • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 51 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632021v5166691 copy

Effects of biotite syenite on the nutrient levels and electrical charges in a Brazilian Savanna Ferralsol

Efeitos de biotita sienito sobre os níveis de nutrientes e cargas elétricas em Latossolo de Cerrado

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In the Brazilian Savanna, most of the soils have a low natural fertility. In order to overcome this limitation, farmers use large amounts of soluble fertilizers, causing environmental impacts. In the present study, finely ground biotite syenite (0; 600; 1,200; 1,800; and 2,400 kg ha^-1) was evaluated as an alternative source of nutrients and electrical charges in a weathered Ferralsol from the Brazilian Savanna. Additionally, the development and nutrition of maize plants were analyzed. The values of Ca + Mg, T, t, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in the soil were not affected by the addition of biotite syenite, but the available P and K and the permanent charges were increased. The biotite did not increase the contents of P, Ca and Cu in the maize leaves, but it increased the contents of N and K. Increases of 103, 125 and 128 % were also detected, respectively, for plant height, stem diameter and leaf dry matter. The biotite syenite was able to increase the soil P, K and permanent charges, as well as the maize uptake of N and K, thus helping in the plant growth.

KEYWORDS:
Plant nutrients; remineralization; rock powder; alternative source of nutrients

Dose	Variable charges	Permanent charges
kg ha^-1	mmol_c kg^-1 of soil	mmol_c kg^-1 of soil
0	20.50 ± 1.90 aA^* * Means followed by the same lower-case letter within a column and capital letter on the row do not differ statistically by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Values refer to the mean ± standard deviation. Numbers in parentheses refer to the percentage, in relation to the total charges. (79 %)	05.60 ± 0.30 bB (21 %)
600	21.00 ± 1.20 aA (79 %)	05.50 ± 0.20 bB (21 %)
1,200	15.50 ± 1.40 aA (70 %)	06.80 ± 0.20 bB (30 %)
1,800	16.90 ± 1.30 aA (70 %)	07.20 ± 0.30 bB (30 %)
2,400	16.10 ± 1.00 aA (53 %)	14.10 ± 0.40 aA (47 %)

Dose	Plant height	Stem diameter	Root dry matter	Leaf dry matter
kg ha^-1	cm	mm	--------------------------- g ---------------------------
0	11.33 ± 1.76 c^* * Means followed by different letters in the column differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Values indicate the mean ± standard deviation.	15.67 ± 4.04 ba	0.15 ± 0.03	0.25 ± 0.03 b
600	16.86 ± 1.26 ba	25.00 ± 5.00 ab	0.33 ± 0.02	0.35 ± 0.05 b
1,200	19.00 ± 1.32 ab	28.33 ± 4.72 ab	0.31 ± 0.03	0.38 ± 0.04 b
1,800	17.50 ± 1.32 ab	25.33 ± 2.16 ab	0.11 ± 0.02	0.32 ± 0.03 b
2,400	23.02 ± 2.18 aa	35.02 ± 4.66 aa	0.19 ± 0.05	0.57 ± 0.05 a

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[TFN1] ^*
Means followed by different letters in the column differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The absence of letters in the same column represents no difference by the Tukey test. Values refer to the mean ± standard deviation. TOC: total organic carbon; T: cation exchange capacity [Ca + Mg + K + (H + Al)]; t: effective cation exchange capacity (Ca + Mg + K + Al).

Dose	pH	TOC	P	K	Ca + Mg	H + Al	Al
kg ha^-1	pH	g kg^-1	-------------------- mg dm^-3 --------------------		-------------------- cmolc dm^-3 --------------------
0	5.56 ± 0.08	17.18 ± 0.21	0.96 ± 0.13 c^* * Means followed by different letters in the column differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The absence of letters in the same column represents no difference by the Tukey test. Values refer to the mean ± standard deviation. TOC: total organic carbon; T: cation exchange capacity [Ca + Mg + K + (H + Al)]; t: effective cation exchange capacity (Ca + Mg + K + Al).	32.35 ± 1.23 d	0.87 ± 0.02	2.60 ± 0.09	0.06 ± 0.00
600	5.77 ± 0.25	16.84 ± 0.57	3.18 ± 0.36 b	39.29 ± 4.95 d	0.70 ± 0.01	2.60 ± 0.09	0.11 ± 0.08
1,200	5.57 ± 0.15	16.74 ± 2.70	3.86 ± 0.33 b	45.85 ± 7.55 c	0.73 ± 0.15	2.35 ± 0.02	0.05 ± 0.02
1,800	5.30 ± 0.03	16.93 ± 0.44	5.39 ± 0.43 a	62.25 ± 2.49 b	0.92 ± 0.10	2.35 ± 0.21	0.05 ± 0.00
2,400	5.51 ± 0.40	16.55 ± 0.15	3.13 ± 0.30 b	70.93 ± 7.55 a	0.85 ± 0.05	2.22 ± 0.19	0.05 ± 0.01
Dose	T	t	Zn	Cu		Mn	Fe
kg ha^-1	-------------------- cmol_c dm^-3--------------------		---------------------------------------- mg dm^-3 ----------------------------------------				g dm ^-3
0	3.55 ± 0.08	1.01 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.06		0.23 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.04
600	3.41 ± 0.09	0.91 ± 0.07	0.10 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.03		0.32 ± 0.05	0.17 ± 0.03
1,200	3.21 ± 0.06	0.90 ± 0.17	0.12 ± 0.04	0.13 ± 0.10		0.28 ± 0.03	0.17 ± 0.06
1,800	3.40 ± 0.38	1.13 ± 0.11	0.09 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.07		0.31 ± 0.01	0.15 ± 0.03
2,400	3.26 ± 0.13	1.09 ± 0.09	0.07 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.05		0.27 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.06

Dose	N	K	P	Ca	Mg
kg ha^-1	-------------------------------------------------------------------------------g kg^-1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0	28.66 ± 0.56 b^* * Means followed by different letters in the column differ significantly by the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Values indicate the mean ± standard deviation.	30.45 ± 0.03 bc	3.73 ± 0.10	9.52 ± 1.21	4.96 ± 0.48 a
600	30.51 ± 0.36 a	30.72 ± 0.54 b	3.82 ± 0.15	9.89 ± 1.36	4.00 ± 0.00 b
1,200	31.74 ± 0.31 a	29.13 ± 0.86 ca	3.81 ± 0.40	7.50 ± 1.85	3.32 ± 0.18 c
1,800	31.54 ± 0.45 a	29.33 ± 0.62 bc	4.01 ± 0.12	9.34 ± 1.62	3.30 ± 0.12 c
2,400	31.91 ± 0.95 a	32.45 ± 0.39 aa	4.00 ± 0.13	10.13 ± 1.90	3.33 ± 0.22 c
Dose	Fe	Zn	Mn		Cu
kg ha^-1	g kg^-1	--------------------------------------------------- mg kg^-1--------------------------------------------------
0	0.56 ± 0.09 aa	57.33 ± 6.43 ab	059.33 ± 16.01 b		32.33 ± 12.41
600	0.52 ± 0.09 ab	45.00 ± 5.00 ab	081.67 ± 16.45 b		18.33 ± 7.64
1,200	0.45 ± 0.06 ab	36.67 ± 7.64 bc	141.33 ± 10.06 a		30.67 ± 8.62
1,800	0.36 ± 0.03 bb	27.33 ± 6.81 bc	064.33 ± 4.04 b		20.00 ± 5.00
2,400	0.43 ± 0.05 ab	27.00 ± 7.81 bc	057.67 ± 2.52 b		13.33 ± 5.77