Validity Evidence for the Flow State Scale-2 with University Athletes

Hernandez, Jose Augusto Evangelho; Voser, Rogério da Cunha

doi:10.1590/1982-4327e2909

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Psychological Evaluation • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 29 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e2909 copy

Validity Evidence for the Flow State Scale-2 with University Athletes

Evidências de Validade para a Flow State Scale-2 com Atletas Universitários

Evidencias de Validez para la Flow State Scale-2 en Atletas Universitarios

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Flow is an optimal psychological state, a very positive experience associated with high levels of performance in various areas of human activity such as sports. This study sought evidence for the construct validity of the Brazilian version of FSS-2 and, in this way, contribute with theoretical and empirical resources for the research and professional practice of Brazilian psychologists in the field of sports and physical exercise. This instrument provides a global measure and specifically measures nine dimensions of the flow experience. The participants were 366 athletes, men and women, 16-41 years of age, who played futsal, handball, volleyball and rugby and disputed the University Games Gaúchos 2015. The scores of the subjects were subjected to Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Indices of content, factorial, convergent and discriminant validities and internal consistency were found, discussed according to theoretical and empirical data from this line of research. We conclude that the general adjustments of the model were close to those obtained in the original studies.

Keywords:
flow; test validity; sport psychology; positive psychology

F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9	FSS-2
0.90 (0.79-1.0)	0.76 (0.65-0.86)	0.73 (0.63-0.84)	0.62 (0.52-0.73)	0.71 (0.60-0.81)	0.69 (0.59-0.79)	0.61 (0.51-0.72)	1.0 (0.90-1.0)	0.79 (0.69-0.90)	0.76 (0.73-0.80)

Study	Model	χ²(gl)	χ²/gl	RMSR	NNFI	CFI	RMSEA[LO90HI90]	MECVI
Jackson & Eklund (2002Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133-150. doi:10.1123/jsep.24.2.133 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.2.133... )	First Order	1171.03^a (558)	2.10	-	0.92	0.93	0.053[0.049-0.057]	-
	Second Order	1266.19^a (585)	2.16	-	0.91	0.92	0.055[0.050-0.059]	-
Fournier et al. (2007Fournier, J., Gaudreau, P., Demontrond-Behr, P., Visioli, J., Forest, J., & Jackson, S. (2007). French translation of the Flow State Scale-2: Factor structure, cross-cultural invariance, and associations with goal attainment. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(6), 897-916. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.200... )	First Order	1088.42ª (558)	1.95	-	0.93	0.94	0.050[0.045-0.054]	-
	Second Order	1186.72nd (585)	2.03	-	0.93	0.93	0.052[0.047-0.056]	-
Kawabata et al. (2008Kawabata, M., Mallet, C. J., & Jackson, S. A. (2008). The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2: Examination of factorial validity and reliability for Japanese adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 9(4), 465-485. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.05.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.200... )	First Order	806.64ª (524)^b	1.54	0.04	0.96	0.96	0.037[0.032-0.042]	-
Jackson et al. (2008Jackson, S. A., Martin, A. J., & Eklund, R. C. (2008). Long and Short Measures of Flow: The Construct Validity of the FSS-2, DFS-2, and New Brief Counterparts. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(5), 561-587. doi: 10.1123/jsep.30.5.561 https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.5.561... )	First Order	1332.89ª (558)	2.39	0.05	0.97	0.98	0.05^c	-
	Second Order	1717.60a (585)	2.94	0.08	0.96	0.97	0.06^c	-
Current	First Order	1055.35ª (558)	1.89	0.05	0.90	0.91	0.049[0.045-0.054]	3.55
	First order respecified	876.50ª (520)	1.69	0.05	0.93	0.94	0.043[0.038-0.0.48]	3.07
	Second Order	1195.97ª (585)	2.04	0.06	0.88	0.89	0.053[0.049-0.058]	3.77

Dimensions	Item	λ	λ²	CR	VME	λ*
1 Challenge-Skills Balance	1	0.45	0.21	0.71	0.39	0.82
	10	0.65	0.43
	19	0.75	0.57
	28	0.59	0.35
2 Action-Awareness Merging	2	0.52	0.27	0.83	0.56	0.61
	11	0.82	0.67
	20	0.88	0.77
	29	0.71	0.51
3 Clear Goals	3	0.50	0.25	0.72	0.40	0.96
	12	0.66	0.44
	21	0.63	0.40
	30	0.70	0.49
4 Unambiguous Feedback	4	0.44	0.19	0.74	0.42	0.94
	13	0.64	0.41
	22	0.72	0.52
	31	0.74	0.55
5 Concentration On Task	5	0.76	0.57	0.86	0.67	0.74
	23	0.82	0.67
	32	0.88	0.76
6 Sense of Control	6	0.71	0.51	0.80	0.51	0.96
	15	0.66	0.44
	24	0.77	0.59
	33	0.70	0.48
7 Loss or Inhibition of Self-Awareness	7	0.69	0.47	0.73	0.41	0.54
	16	0.62	0.38
	25	0.51	0.26
	34	0.72	0.51
8 Time Transformation	8	0.76	0.58	0.87	0.64	0.03
	17	0.90	0.82
	26	0.72	0.51
	35	0.80	0.63
9 Autotelic Experience	9	0.57	0.32	0.73	0.41	0.58
	18	0.70	0.49
	27	0.61	0.37
	36	0.68	0.46

	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5	F6	F7	F8	F9
F1-Challenge-Skill	0.39
F2- Action-Awareness Merging	0.16	0.56
F3-Clear Goals	0.25	0.19	0.40
F4-Unambiguous Feedback	0.23	0.20	0.46	0.42
F5-Concentration on Task	0.17	0.11	0.27	0.26	0.67
F6-Sense of Control	0.38	0.22	0.38	0.38	0.41	0.51
F7-Loss of Self-Awareness	0.11	0.11	0.05	0.11	0.15	0.22	0.41
F8-Time Transformation	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.64
F9-Autotelic Experience	0.08	0.02	0.19	0.13	0.16	0.17	0.01	0.00	0.41

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence address: Jose A. E. Hernandez. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Psicologia. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - 10º andar - Maracanã. Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil. CEP 20.550-900. E-mail: hernandez.uerj@gmail.com