Self-Care and Resilience in People with Diabetes Mellitus in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Binhardi, Bárbara Aparecida; Torquato, Maria Teresa da Costa Gonçalves; Scorsolini-Comin, Fabio; Zanetti, Maria Lúcia; Franco, Laércio Joel; Teixeira, Carla Regina de Souza

doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3335

Bárbara Aparecida Binhardi

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0264-4320

Maria Teresa da Costa Gonçalves Torquato

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6374-2189

Fabio Scorsolini-Comin

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6281-3371

Maria Lúcia Zanetti

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1656-6626

Laércio Joel Franco

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9820-3425

Carla Regina de Souza Teixeira

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

assume public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-5439

Correspondence address: Bárbara Aparecida Binhardi. Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil. CEP 14.040-902. E-mail: babinhardi@usp.br

Bárbara Aparecida Binhardi is a Master’s of the Postgraduate Program in Fundamental Nursing at Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Maria Teresa Da Costa Gonçalves Torquato is a PhD at Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Fabio Scorsolini-Comin is a Professor at Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Maria Lúcia Zanetti is a Professor at Escola de Enfermagem of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Laércio Joel Franco is a Professor at Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Carla Regina de Souza Teixeira is a Professor at Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto of the Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.

Associate editor: Wanderlei Abadio de Oliveira

Parameter		Absolute frequency	Relative frequency (%)	Resilience averages	Standard deviation	p-value

Region of Brazil						0.005
	North	75	5.08	26.95	7.98
	Northeast	169	11.46	26.93	7.59
	Midwest	84	5.69	25.32	9.07
	Southeast	992	67.25	25.22	7.48
	South	155	10.51	24.14	7.65

Age group						0.001
	18-34 years old	536	36.34	23.91	7.64
	35-59 years old	633	42.92	25.65	7.57
	≥ 60 years old	306	20.75	27.47	7.37

Sex						0.001
	Female	998	67.66	24.49	7.77
	Male	474	32.14	27.36	7.03
	Other	2	0.14	24.00	4.24
	I do not wish to share the information	1	0.07	8.00	0.00

Education						0.002
	Never attended school	4	0.27	18.50	13.87
	Incomplete elementary	53	3.59	25.83	8.18
	Elementary school	60	4.07	25.02	9.31
	Incomplete high school	32	2.17	24.38	8.32
	High school	196	13.29	25.03	7.57
	Technical/professional course	52	3.53	23.48	7.80
	Incomplete undergraduate education	216	14.64	24.06	7.79
	Complete undergraduate education	396	26.85	25.36	7.33
	Graduate education	463	31.39	26.55	7.37
	Did not answer	3	0.20	28.67	8.39

Health plan						0.447
	No	430	29.15	25.19	8.00
	Yes	1039	70.44	25.47	7.54
	Did not answer	6	0.41	28.83	3.43

Variable		Absolute frequency	Relative frequency (%)	Resilience averages	Standard deviation	p-value

COVID-19 diagnosis						0.368
	Negative	1337	90.64	25.30	7.61
	Positive	129	8.75	26.32	8.30
	Unsure	6	0.41	25.17	5.85
	Did not answer	3	0.20	30.00	5.57

DM type						0.003
	T1DM	751	50.92	24.79	7.62
	T2DM	567	38.44	26.33	7.62
	Other types	155	10.51	24.98	7.77
	Did not provide an answer	2	0.14	25.00	4.24

DM time						0.294
	< 1 year	103	6.98	25.58	7.82
	1-10 years	617	41.83	25.35	7.33
	11-20 years	431	29.22	25.08	7.78
	> 20 years	322	21.83	25.91	8.06
	Did not provide an answer	2	0.14	16.50	12.02

Use of medication		1456	98.71	25.40	7.65	0.866
	Use of pills/tablets	702	47.59	26.05	7.65	0.001
	Use of insulin	918	62.24	24.85	7.64	0.001
	Non-insulin injectable	43	2.92	27.30	6.94	0.098

Change in control						0.001
	No change perceived	656	44.47	27.52	7.01
	Got a little worse	396	26.85	23.33	7.62
	Got a lot worse	161	10.92	21.86	8.72
	Got a little better	173	11.73	24.76	7.13
	Got much better	80	5.42	26.49	6.49

Telemedicine						0.015
	No	988	66.98	25.03	7.63
	Yes	483	32.75	26.19	7.68
	Did not provide an answer	4	0.27	22.00	7.07

Level of isolation measures						0.002
	No measures taken	47	3.19	26.06	8.19
	Tried to be careful	420	28.47	25.12	7.68
	Stayed at home, leaving only for errands	664	45.02	24.81	7.49
	Stayed strictly at home	336	22.78	26.83	7.77
	Did not provide an answer	8	0.54	25.13	7.64

Variable			Absolute frequency	Relative frequency (%)	Resilience averages	Standard deviation	p-value

General diet
	Healthy diet						0.001
		Inadequate	538	36.47	22.64	7.98
		Suitable	937	63.53	26.98	7.01
	Dietary orientation						0.001
		Inadequate	631	42.78	23.33	7.89
		Suitable	844	57.22	26.95	7.11

Specific diet
	Vegetable consumption						0.001
		Inadequate	591	40.07	23.39	7.61
		Suitable	884	59.93	26.74	7.41
	Consumption of foods rich on Fat						0.199
		Inadequate	1190	80.68	25.27	7.74
		Suitable	285	19.32	25.92	7.34
	Sweets consumption						0.001
		Inadequate	639	43.32	24.34	7.83
		Suitable	836	56.68	26.21	7.44

General physical activities
	Physical activity						0.001
		Inadequate	965	65.42	24.27	7.68
		Suitable	510	34.58	27.54	7.16
	Workout						0.001
		Inadequate	1103	74.78	24.77	7.72
		Adequate	372	25.22	27.25	7.19

Blood glucose monitoring
	Blood glucose monitoring						0.001
		Inadequate	544	36.88	26.28	7.85
		Adequate	931	63.12	24.88	7.51
	Blood glucose blood as recommended						0.946
		Inadequate	648	43.93	25.38	8.02
		Adequate	827	56.07	25.41	7.38

Medication use
	Use of medication						0.001
		Inadequate	57	3.86	21.33	7.81
		Adequate	1399	94.85	25.57	7.60
	Tablets use (n = X)						0.001
		Inadequate	28	1.90	21.36	7.78
		Adequate	674	45.69	26.24	7.58
	Insulin use (n = X)						0.001
		Inadequate	29	1.97	18.21	7.03
		Adequate	889	60.27	25.07	7.56

Foot care
	Feet examination						0.001
		Inadequate	859	58.24	24.50	7.77
		Adequate	616	41.76	26.66	7.34
	Drying between the toes						0.001
		Inadequate	467	31.66	23.63	7.65
		Adequate	1008	68.34	26.22	7.54
	Examination inside shoes						0.001
		Inadequate	948	64.27	24.47	7.42
		Adequate	527	35.73	27.07	7.82

[1] Correspondence address: Bárbara Aparecida Binhardi. Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil. CEP 14.040-902. E-mail: babinhardi@usp.br

Brasil

Brasil

Self-Care and Resilience in People with Diabetes Mellitus in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Autocuidado e Resiliência em Pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus na Pandemia da COVID-19

Autocuidado y Resiliencia en Personas con Diabetes Mellitus en la Pandemia del COVID-19

Abstract