Performance of soybean in hydromorphic and nonhydromorphic soil under irrigated or rainfed conditions

The objective of this work was to evaluate soybean cultivation in a hydromorphic or nonhydromorphic soil, with or without supplemental irrigation. Field experiments were carried out with the TECIRGA 6070RR and A 6411RG cultivars in highlands (nonhydromorphic soils) and lowlands (hydromorphic soils), which are traditionally cultivated with irrigated rice. The following parameters were determined in both soybean cultivars: leaf area index, developmental stages, dry matter partition, and leaf gas exchange. Low water stresses, which commonly occur either by deficit or excess in soybean areas cultivated in hydromorphic soils, do not affect the development and partitioning of dry matter; however, they cause reductions in stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, and leaf area evolution. Growing soybean in lowlands exposes plants to water stress, even in years with well-distributed rainfall during the growing season, due to the low water storage capacity of these soils.

Index terms:
Glycine max; gas exchange; irrigation; lowlands.

Authorship

Thiago Schmitz Marques da Rocha

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Cidade Universitária, Prédio 77, Sala 2, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: thiagosmr@msn.com, nstreck2@yahoo.com.br, mirta.petry@gmail.com, eduardotagliapietra@hotmail.com,darlanbalest@gmail.com, kelin_bexaira@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilSanta Maria, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, no 1.000, Cidade Universitária, Prédio 77, Sala 2, Camobi, CEP 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: thiagosmr@msn.com, nstreck2@yahoo.com.br, mirta.petry@gmail.com, eduardotagliapietra@hotmail.com,darlanbalest@gmail.com, kelin_bexaira@hotmail.com

Nereu Augusto Streck

Alencar Junior Zanon

Instituto Rio Grandense do Arroz, Avenida Missões, no 342, São Geraldo, CEP 90230-100 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. E-mail: alencarzanon@hotmail.com, elio-marcolin@hotmail.comInstituto Rio Grandense do ArrozBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilInstituto Rio Grandense do Arroz, Avenida Missões, no 342, São Geraldo, CEP 90230-100 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. E-mail: alencarzanon@hotmail.com, elio-marcolin@hotmail.com

Elio Marcolin

Mirta Teresinha Petry

Eduardo Lago Tagliapietra

Darlan Barlest

Kelin Pribs Bexaira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1:
Daily soil water deficit (DEF) e surplus (EXC) throughout the experimental period for soybean (Glycine max) cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (A and B) and A 6411RG (C and D) grown under irrigated (A and C) or nonirrigated (B and D) conditions, in the municipality of Cachoeirinha, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Arrows indicate the date of the R1 (solid arrow) and R5 (open arrow) soybean developmental stages.

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Figure 2:
Timing and duration of critical developmental phases of soybean (Glycine max) as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipalities of Cachoeirinha (panel 1) and Santa Maria (panel 2), for the cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (1 A, 1 B, 2 A, and 2 B) and A 6411RG (1 C, 1 D, 2 C, and 2 D), irrigated (1 A, 1 C, 2 A, and 2 C) or nonirrigated (1 B, 1 D, 2 B, and 2 D), during the 2014/2015 growing season. Vegetative phase, from V0 to Vn; flowering phase, from R1 to the last opened flower; grain filling phase, from first pod with 2 mm grain to R7, according to Fehr et al. (1971)FEHR, W.R.; CAVINESS, C.E.; BURMOOD, D.T.; PENNINGTON, J.S. Stage of development descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Crop Science, v.11, p.929-931, 1971. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100060051x.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011... .

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Figure 3:
Daily dynamics of leaf area index of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR and A 6411RG grown under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipalities of Santa Maria (A) and Cachoeirinha (B), both in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2014/2015 growing season.

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Figure 4:
Partitioning of soybean (Glycine max) shoot dry matter for the cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (A) and A 6411RG (B), and for irrigated (C) and nonirrigated (D) conditions as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipality of Cachoeirinha, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2014/2015 growing season. Shaded areas followed by equal letters comparing horizontal graphics do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Table 1:
Soil water content at 10 kPa (Ɵ_{10 kPa}) and at 1,500 kPa (Ɵ₁₅₀₀ kPa), maximum soil available water capacity (AWC), percentage of sand, silt and clay, total porosity, macro- and microporosity, and bulk density (Ds) of each soil layer, in the municipalities of Cachoeirinha and Santa Maria, both in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 2:
Mean values of photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (Gs) in two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars and in two soil water conditions (irrigated and nonirrigated), and average of days with no soil water stress (ETc = ETR) or with soil water stress (Def., when ETR>ETc)⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1: Daily soil water deficit (DEF) e surplus (EXC) throughout the experimental period for soybean (Glycine max) cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (A and B) and A 6411RG (C and D) grown under irrigated (A and C) or nonirrigated (B and D) conditions, in the municipality of Cachoeirinha, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Arrows indicate the date of the R1 (solid arrow) and R5 (open arrow) soybean developmental stages.

Figure 2: Timing and duration of critical developmental phases of soybean (Glycine max) as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipalities of Cachoeirinha (panel 1) and Santa Maria (panel 2), for the cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (1 A, 1 B, 2 A, and 2 B) and A 6411RG (1 C, 1 D, 2 C, and 2 D), irrigated (1 A, 1 C, 2 A, and 2 C) or nonirrigated (1 B, 1 D, 2 B, and 2 D), during the 2014/2015 growing season. Vegetative phase, from V0 to Vn; flowering phase, from R1 to the last opened flower; grain filling phase, from first pod with 2 mm grain to R7, according to Fehr et al. (1971)FEHR, W.R.; CAVINESS, C.E.; BURMOOD, D.T.; PENNINGTON, J.S. Stage of development descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Crop Science, v.11, p.929-931, 1971. DOI: 10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100060051x.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011... .

Figure 3: Daily dynamics of leaf area index of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR and A 6411RG grown under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipalities of Santa Maria (A) and Cachoeirinha (B), both in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2014/2015 growing season.

Figure 4: Partitioning of soybean (Glycine max) shoot dry matter for the cultivars TECIRGA 6070RR (A) and A 6411RG (B), and for irrigated (C) and nonirrigated (D) conditions as a function of days after sowing (DAS), in the municipality of Cachoeirinha, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during the 2014/2015 growing season. Shaded areas followed by equal letters comparing horizontal graphics do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 1: Soil water content at 10 kPa (Ɵ_{10 kPa}) and at 1,500 kPa (Ɵ₁₅₀₀ kPa), maximum soil available water capacity (AWC), percentage of sand, silt and clay, total porosity, macro- and microporosity, and bulk density (Ds) of each soil layer, in the municipalities of Cachoeirinha and Santa Maria, both in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Location	Layer	Ɵ_{10 kPa}	Ɵ_{1,500 kPa}	AWC	Sand	Silt	Clay	Porosity (cm³ cm^-3)			Ds
Location	(cm)	--------(cm³ cm^-3)--------		(mm)	------------(g kg^-1)------------			Total	Macro	Micro	(cm³ cm^-3)
Cachoeirinha	0-13	0.373	0.095	36.2	550	300	150	0.425	0.338	0.087	1.603
	13-20	0.325	0.094	16.1	520	320	160	0.370	0.294	0.076	1.751
	20-50	0.329	0.103	67.7	550	280	170	0.369	0.297	0.072	1.793
Santa Maria	0-15	0.310	0.163	22.2	350	420	220	0.402	0.081	0.321	1.597
	15-30	0.365	0.157	31.2	350	390	250	0.440	0.060	0.380	1.403
	30-50	0.369	0.200	33.8	280	370	350	0.493	0.106	0.386	1.261

Table 2: Mean values of photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (Gs) in two soybean (Glycine max) cultivars and in two soil water conditions (irrigated and nonirrigated), and average of days with no soil water stress (ETc = ETR) or with soil water stress (Def., when ETR>ETc)⁽¹⁾.

Cultivar	Irrigated				Nonirrigated
	Cachoeirinha		Santa Maria		Cachoeirinha		Santa Maria
	A	Gs	A	Gs	A	Gs	A	Gs
	(μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	(mol H₂O m^-2 s^-1)	(μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	(mol H₂O m^-2 s^-1)	(μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	(mol H₂O m^-2 s^-1)	(μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	(mol H₂O m^-2 s^-1)
TECIRGA 6070RR	16.16a	0.28a	21.20a	0.41a	16.95a	0.28a	19.71a	0.40b
A 6411RG	15.89a	0.33a	21.96a	0.48a	15.44a	0.27a	20.18a	0.46a

No stress	18.29a	0.39a	22.50a	0.46a	17.62a	0.33a	20.86a	0.47a
Def.	13.77b	0.22b	20.66a	0.43a	14.78b	0.22b	19.02b	0.40b

Cultivar x water conditions	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns	^ns
CV 1 (%)	(26.6)	(22.7)	(5.3)	(17.7)	(19.8)	(26.4)	(8.9)	(8.4)
CV 2 ( %)	(11.5)	(16.8)	(8.9)	(9.0)	(9.6)	(13.1)	(6.5)	(8.5)

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant. CV 1, coeficiente of variation of factor A; and CV 2, coeficiente of variation of factor B. ETc, crop evapotranspiration; and ETR, reference evapotranspiration.

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Performance of soybean in hydromorphic and nonhydromorphic soil under irrigated or rainfed conditions

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, in the columns, do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant. CV 1, coeficiente of variation of factor A; and CV 2, coeficiente of variation of factor B. ETc, crop evapotranspiration; and ETR, reference evapotranspiration.