Performance of pacu juveniles fed diets supplemented with L-carnitine

Moro, Evandro Bilha; Gomes, Ricácio Luan Marques; Rodrigues, Mariana Lins; Sanchez, Milena Souza dos Santos; Bittencourt, Fabio; Signor, Altevir

doi:10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2020.v55.01583

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Aquaculture • Pesq. agropec. bras. 55 • Jan-Dec 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2020.v55.01583 copy

Performance of pacu juveniles fed diets supplemented with L-carnitine

Desempenho de juvenis de pacu alimentados com rações suplementadas com L-carnitina

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of L-carnitine supplementation on the productive performance and physiology of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 288 pacu, with an initial average weight of 9.62±0.74 g, were fed experimental diets supplemented with 400, 800, 1,200, 1,600, and 2,000 mg kg^-1 L-carnitine and a control diet (without supplementation), for 128 days. The following were evaluated: growth performance; carcass centesimal composition; intestinal, muscle, and hepatic histomorphologies; and oxidative stress. The fish hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic fat indexes increased with the inclusion of L-carnitine in the diets. The evaluation of carcass centesimal composition showed that the diets supplemented with 2,000 mg kg^-1 L-carnitine caused a reduction in protein content and an increase in that of ethereal extract. Intestinal histomorphology indicated changes in the villi with L-carnitine supplementation. Moreover, hepatic lipid peroxidation occurred with the inclusion of 2,000 mg kg^-1 L-carnitine. The supplementation with L-carnitine in the diets of pacu juveniles does not influence the development of the fish until the rate of 1,600 mg kg^-1. However, high carcass lipid levels, as well as an increase in the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic fat indexes, are observed in fish fed diets containing 2,000 mg kg^-1.

Index terms:
Piaractus mesopotamicus; animal nutrition; carcass composition; histomorphology; oxidative stress

Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: pab@embrapa.br

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[1] *Corresponding author: evandrobilha@gmail.com

Ingredient (%)		L-carnitine (mg kg^-1)
Ingredient (%)		0	400	800	1,200	1,600	2,000
45% soybean meal		32.90	32.90	32.90	32.90	32.90	32.90
Corn		31.20	31.20	31.20	31.20	31.20	31.20
Wheat bran		19.55	19.55	19.55	19.55	19.55	19.55
Fish meal		5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Poultry viscera meal		5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Soybean oil		4.03	4.03	4.03	4.03	4.03	4.03
Limestone		0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72	0.72
Mineral and vitamin supplement⁽¹⁾		0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
Dicalcium phosphate		0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42	0.42
Common salt		0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
L-lysine hydrochloride		0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26
Antifungal calcium propionate		0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
BHT antioxidant		0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
L-carnitine		0.00	0.04	0.08	0.12	0.16	0.20
Total		100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Calculated nutrients
	Starch (%)	30.00	30.00	30.00	30.00	30.00	30.00
	Total arginine (%)	1.81	1.81	1.81	1.81	1.81	1.81
	Calcium (%)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	Digestible energy (kcal kg^-1)	3,200	3,200	3,200	3,200	3,200	3,200
	Total phenylalanine (%)	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.23	1.23
	Total phosphorus (%)	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80	0.80
	Total histidine (%)	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.66	0.66
	Total isoleucine (%)	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10	1.10
	Total leucine (%)	2.08	2.08	2.08	2.08	2.08	2.08
	Total lysine (%)	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64	1.64
	Total methionine (%)	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41
	Digestible protein (%)	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00	23.00
	Total threonine (%)	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.01	1.01
	Total tryptophan (%)	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
	Total valine (%)	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.25
Analyzed chemical composition (natural matter)
	Dry matter (%)	93.04	91.71	89.66	91.72	91.69	91.69
	Crude protein (%)	27.11	27.12	27.93	27.76	27.06	26.92
	Ethereal extract (%)	7.98	8.12	8.37	8.58	8.07	7.29
	Mineral matter (%)	7.45	7.86	7.69	7.67	7.40	7.73
	Gross energy (kcal kg^-1)	4,461	4,459	4,352	4,446	4,412	4,356
	Crude fiber (%)	5.43	5.99	5.01	5.10	5.42	4.97

Variable⁽²⁾	L-carnitine (mg kg^-1)⁽³⁾						P-value
Variable⁽²⁾	0	400	800	1,200	1,600	2,000	P-value
AFW (cm)	9.90±0.74	9.52±0.80	9.87±0.95	9.27±0.35	9.68±0.54	9.48±0.62	-
AFL (cm)	13.19±0.63	13.38±0.55	13.25±0.94	12.97±1.16	12.92±0.71	12.87±0.37	0.92
WG (g)	31.45±4.71	32.71±3.64	33.13±6.99	31.17±5.83	30.21±5.13	30.08±2.91	0.96
Survival (%)	87.50±12.50	83.33±11.78	85.42±10.82	91.67±8.33	97.92±3.61	97.92±3.61	0.27
FCR	2.15±0.27	2.20±0.58	2.03±0.40	2.08±0.18	1.79±0.28	2.09±0.15	0.75
SGR (%)	1.19±0.09	1.24±0.05	1.22±0.08	1.22±0.10	1.17±0.08	1.19±0.09	0.92
PER (%)	0.18±0.03	0.19±0.02	0.20±0.05	0.18±0.04	0.18±0.03	0.18±0.02	0.96
HSI (%)	1.74±0.14a	2.02±0.05ab	2.24±0.34b	2.15±0.16b	2.03±0.05ab	2.24±0.22b	0.003
VFI (%)	2.36±1.04a	2.49±0.62a	2.83±0.45ab	3.21±0.72ab	3.20±0.64ab	3.96±0.43b	0.004

Variable	L-carnitine (mg kg^-1)⁽²⁾						P-value
Variable	0	400	800	1,200	1,600	2,000	P-value
Moisture (%)	70.13±1.09	69.75±0.75	69.52±0.67	69.47±1.67	69.87±0.88	68.56±0.42	0.59
Crude protein (%)	18.73±0.75a	16.37±0.75b	17.65±0.24ab	16.91±0.43b	17.28±0.46b	17.75±0.29ab	0.00
Lipids (%)	10.16±0.50ab	10.61±0.50ab	10.23±0.04ab	9.90±0.29ab	9.62±0.60a	10.76±0.30b	0.04
Ash (%)	3.01±0.10	2.98±0.04	3.10±0.17	3.16±0.05	3.14±0.07	3.15±0.13	0.21

Variable		L-carnitine (mg kg^-1)⁽²⁾						P-value
Variable		0	400	800	1,200	1,600	2,000	P-value
Intestine
	Height (μm)	399.31±92.01ab	312.65±106.70a	466.66±90.83ab	477.78±50.42ab	478.62±38.48ab	539.67±48.35b	0.01
	Total height (μm)	450.49±106.81	416.15±142.99	507.69±91.26	528.85±41.38	537.55±23.94	592.86±49.47	0.10
	Width (μm)	121.97±12.20	110.49±3.26	122.76±18.83	108.98±3.19	120.42±14.11	111.25±14.29	0.29
	Thickness (μm)	52.27±0.81ab	56.61±6.22ab	57.60±9.45ab	60.93±0.98ab	63.72±5.14b	50.05±4.96a	0.02
	Tunica (cm)	40.34±2.66a	53.90±3.36c	44.17±5.79ab	44.42±2.24ab	57.34±2.71c	51.28±2.62bc	0.00
Liver
	Hepatocytes⁽³⁾	142.00±7.57	157.58±34.43	136.33±19.28	125.67±9.18	136.50±11.79	136.42±9.14	0.28
Muscle (%)
	<20 μm	30.00±4.43	34.75±9.00	33.50±6.49	35.63±3.94	38.00±11.11	30.50±4.71	0.60
	20-50 μm	66.75±4.70	65.00±8.40	66.00±6.42	61.75±2.53	61.12±11.02	65.50±4.43	0.79
	>50 μm	0.83±1.44	0.50±0.86	0.66±1.15	1.67±1.75	1.17±1.15	3.00±1.32	0.12

Variable⁽²⁾	L-carnitine levels (mg kg^-1)⁽³⁾						P-value
Variable⁽²⁾	0	400	800	1,200	1,600	2,000	P-value
CAT	0.58±0.14	0.57±0.18	0.58±0.18	0.52±0.39	0.46±0.20	0.59±0.14	0.96
GST	0.87±0.17	0.90±0.06	0.82±0.18	0.90±0.11	0.97±0.17	0.88±0.14	0.85
TBARS	1.50±0.59a	1.69±1.09ab	1.83±0.38ab	1.50±1.29a	1.00±0.37a	3.57±1.26b	0.02