Performance and genetic variation in a provenance test of <i>Araucaria cunninghamii</i>

The objective of this work was to assess the genetic variability of Araucaria cunninghamii in a provenance test and to estimate the genetic gains in its wood production, based on different selection intensities. The trial was established in Luís Antônio, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, using open-pollinated seed from Queensland, Australia. The experimental design used was a randomized complete block with six replicates, and four plants per plot. Diameter at breast height (DBH), stem form, and survival were measured at 29 years after planting. Significant differences were detected among provenances. The coefficient of genotypic variation between provenances was high (60%) for DBH and stem form. The mean values for DBH and stem form were 23.21 cm and 4.50, respectively. The provenances Langkelly Creek, Brooweena L.A., Yarraman, and St. Agnes showed the best performance for DBH, and Imbil Seed Orchard, Brooweena L.A, St. Agnes, St. John, and Yarraman, for stem form. Genetic gains ranged from 0.5 to 24.8% for DBH, and from 0.9 to 3.5% for stem form.

Index terms:
conifer; genetic parameters; tree breeding

Authorship

Wanderley dos Santos

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: wanderley.dossantos@hotmail.com, marchetti.bruno@hotmail.com, dani.araujo32@gmail.com, celso.machado@geneseambiental.com.br, teixeira@agr.feis.unesp.brUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoBrazilIlha Solteira, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: wanderley.dossantos@hotmail.com, marchetti.bruno@hotmail.com, dani.araujo32@gmail.com, celso.machado@geneseambiental.com.br, teixeira@agr.feis.unesp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6397-5839

Ananda Virginia de Aguiar

Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Parque Monte Castelo, CEP 83411-000 Colombo, PR, Brazil. E-mail: ananda.aguiar@embrapa.brEmbrapa FlorestasBrazilColombo, PR, Brazil Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Parque Monte Castelo, CEP 83411-000 Colombo, PR, Brazil. E-mail: ananda.aguiar@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1225-7623

Bruno Marchetti de Souza ^**Corresponding author: marchetti.bruno@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6166-3172

Daniela Araujo

Celso Machado

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5718-0645

Mário Luiz Teixeira de Moraes

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1076-9812

Alexandre Magno Sebbenn

Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, Rua do Horto, no 931, CEP 02377-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: alexandresebbenn@yahoo.com.br, miguellmfreitas@yahoo.com.brInstituto Florestal de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, Brazil Instituto Florestal de São Paulo, Rua do Horto, no 931, CEP 02377-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: alexandresebbenn@yahoo.com.br, miguellmfreitas@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2352-0941

Miguel Luiz Menezes Freitas

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-0908

*Corresponding author: marchetti.bruno@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables | Formulas

Tables (4)
Formulas (4)

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Table 1.
Provenance name, number of seed trees from which seed were collected, latitude and longitude, altitude, and mean annual precipitation of the original site of Araucaria cunninghamii provenances in Australia.

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Table 2.
Analysis of deviance and estimates of the genetic parameters for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form in Araucaria cunninghamii provenances at 29 years of age.

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Table 3.
Ranking of provenances based on genotypic values for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form (SF) of Araucaria cunninghamii at 29 years of age.

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Table 4.
Expected genetic gains (G_s) for different levels of selection intensity based on genotypic values for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form, in Araucaria cunninghamii provenances at 29 years of age.

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Table 1. Provenance name, number of seed trees from which seed were collected, latitude and longitude, altitude, and mean annual precipitation of the original site of Araucaria cunninghamii provenances in Australia.

Provenance	Number of seed trees	Latitude S	Longitude E	Altitude (m)	Mean annual precipitation (mm)	Survival rate (%)
Benarkin	10	26^o 55'	152^o 09'	440	992
St. Agnes	42	25^o 20'	151^o 50'	280	930
Brooweena L.A.	20	25^o 32'	150^o 13'	122	1056
St. John	20	27° 14'	152° 40'	400	1200
Jimna	20	26^o 42'	152^o 20'	600	817
Bulburin	-	24^o 25'	151^o 30'	540	1447
Clifford	10/20	24^o 40'	151^o 00'	810	1200
Imbil Seed Orchard	20	26^o 27'	152^o 40'	105	1200
Yarraman	20	26^o 51'	152^o 10'	435	1000
Langkelly Creek	20	13^o 54'	143^o 15'	500	1200
Total						79

Table 2. Analysis of deviance and estimates of the genetic parameters for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form in Araucaria cunninghamii provenances at 29 years of age.

Parameter	DBH (cm)	Stem form
Likelihood ratio test (LRT)	10.15**	0.13
Phenotypic mean (μ ± SD)	23.21±8.53	4.50±0.75
Coefficient of variation (CV, %)	36.5	16.6
Minimum/maximum values	7.96/48.0	1.07/5.0
Coefficient of determination of plot effects (C ²_p)	0.09	0.01
Broad-sense individual heritability (H ²_p ± SD)	0.09±0.06	0.04±0.0)
Provenance mean heritability (H ²_pm)	0.65	0.52
Selection accuracy (r_a)	0.80	0.72

LRT was based on chi-square tests with 1 degree of freedom; SD is the standard deviation. **Significant at 1% probability (LTR> 6.63).

Table 3. Ranking of provenances based on genotypic values for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form (SF) of Araucaria cunninghamii at 29 years of age.

Rank	DBH			Stem form
Rank	Provenance	Genotypic value	Provenance	Genotypic values
1	Langkelly Creek	3.898	Imbil Seed Orchard	0.130
2	Brooweena L.A.	2.699	Brooweena L.A.	0.118
3	Yarraman	0.764	St. Agnes	0.108
4	St. Agnes	0.048	St. John	0.058
5	Imbil Seed Orchard	-0.661	Yarraman	0.052
6	Clifford	-1.832	Jimna	-0.027
7	St. John	-3.804	Benarkin	-0.045
8	Benarkin	-5.491	Bulburin	-0.075
9	Bulburin	-8.727	Clifford	-0.159
10	Jimna	-9.895	Langkelly Creek	-0.161

Table 4. Expected genetic gains (G_s) for different levels of selection intensity based on genotypic values for diameter at breast height (DBH) and stem form, in Araucaria cunninghamii provenances at 29 years of age.

Selection intensity	Diameter at breast height (DBH)	n_s	G_s (%)	Stem form	n_s	G_s (%)
Selection intensity	Selected provenance	n_s	G_s (%)	Selected provenance	n_s	G_s (%)
GSI (5%)	10	10	24.8	2, 3, 8	10	3.5
GSI (7.5%)	10	15	24.3	2, 3, 8	15	3.4
GSI (10%)	10	19	24.1	2, 3, 8	19	3.3
GSI (12.5%)	3, 9, 10	23	23.1	2, 3, 8	23	3.2
GSI (15%)	2, 3, 9, 10	28	23.9	2, 3, 8	28	3.2
GSI (17.5%)	2, 3, 8, 9, 10	33	22.1	2, 3, 8	33	3.1
GSI (20%)	2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10	38	20.1	2, 3, 8	38	3.0
GSI (40%)	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 9, 10	75	3.35	2, 3, 4, 8, 9	75	2.7
GSI (50%)	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	94	2.7	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9	94	2.5
GSID (25%)	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	60	2.2	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	60	1.3
GSID (50%)	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	120	0.0	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10	120	0.9

n_s is the number of selected individuals; G_s (%) is the expected genetic gain with individual selection; G_s (%) is the expected genetic gain with provenance selection. Provenance: 1, Benarkin; 2, St. Agnes; 3, Brooweena L.A.; 4, St. John; 5, Jimna; 6, Bulburin; 7, Clifford; 8, Imbil Seed Orchard; 9, Yarraman; 10, Langkelly Creek.

H_{p}^{2} = \frac{σ_{p}^{2}}{σ_{p}^{2} + σ_{c}^{2} + σ_{e}^{2}}

H_{p m}^{2} = \frac{(\frac{1}{4}) σ_{p}^{2}}{(\frac{1}{4}) σ_{p}^{2} + \frac{σ_{c}^{2}}{r} + \frac{(0.75 σ_{p}^{2} + σ_{e}^{2})}{n r}}

r_{\overset{⌢}{a} a} = \sqrt{h_{p m}^{2}}

C_{c}^{2} = \frac{σ_{c}^{2}}{σ_{p}^{2} + σ_{c}^{2} + σ_{e}^{2}}

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Performance and genetic variation in a provenance test of <i>Araucaria cunninghamii</i>

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[1] *Corresponding author: marchetti.bruno@hotmail.com