Interrelationship between potassium rates and the efficiency of Bt genes in the control of Spodoptera frugiperda

The objective of this work was to identify the effect of potassium rates on Bt transgenic resistance and damage caused by Spodoptera frugiperda in corn plants at different developmental stages. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a 3x6 factorial arrangement, with three potassium rates (0, 45, and 90 kg ha^-1) and six corn hybrids (20A55Hx, 30A77PW, AG1051, MG652PW, NS90VTPro2, and NS92VTPro), with three replicates. The hybrids were evaluated through the analysis of canonical variables. With low potassium rates, the effectiveness of the corn hybrids in controlling the S. frugiperda caterpillar decreases in the different phenological stages. The use of the Bt technology is more efficient under an adequate potassium rate of 90 kg ha^-1 KCl.

Index terms
Zea mays; caterpillar; damage; pest; transgenics

Authorship

Marcelo Macedo Faria

Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Unidade Universitária de Ipameri, Rodovia GO 330, Km 241, Anel Viário, s/n^o, CEP 75780-000 Ipameri, GO, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de GoiásBrazilIpameri, GO, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Goiás, Unidade Universitária de Ipameri, Rodovia GO 330, Km 241, Anel Viário, s/n^o, CEP 75780-000 Ipameri, GO, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7912-2478

Pedro Henrique Nascimento Cintra

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0697-6277

Víctor Alves Amorim

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n^o, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n^o, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6450-1865

Thiago Souza Campos

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n^o, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita FilhoBrazilJaboticabal, SP, BrazilUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n^o, CEP 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9135-0070

Ednaldo Cândido Rocha

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-777X

Fabricio Rodrigues Corresponding author

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-6363

Corresponding author

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Accumulated precipitation, relative humidity, and average temperature during the months of corn (Zea mays) cultivation in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons. Source: Inmet (2019)INMET. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. BDMEP: Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa: cotação diária. Available at: <https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/>. Accessed on: Feb. 17 2019.
https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/... .

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Figure 2
Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, without the application of potassium (0 kg ha^-1 KCl), in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, with the application of potassium at a rate of 45 kg ha^-1 KCl, in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, with the application of potassium at a rate of 90 kg ha^-1 KCl, in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Soil chemical attributes at a 0 to 20 cm depth after limestone application in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1 Accumulated precipitation, relative humidity, and average temperature during the months of corn (Zea mays) cultivation in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons. Source: Inmet (2019)INMET. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. BDMEP: Banco de Dados Meteorológicos para Ensino e Pesquisa: cotação diária. Available at: <https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/>. Accessed on: Feb. 17 2019.
https://bdmep.inmet.gov.br/... .

Figure 2 Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, without the application of potassium (0 kg ha^-1 KCl), in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Figure 3 Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, with the application of potassium at a rate of 45 kg ha^-1 KCl, in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Figure 4 Analysis of canonical variables by the dispersion of corn (Zea mays) hybrids, with the application of potassium at a rate of 90 kg ha^-1 KCl, in the 2014/2015 (A) and 2015/2016 (B) harvests. The evaluated hybrids and respective proteins between parenthesis were: A, 20A55Hx (Cry1F); B, 30A77PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); C, AG1051 (conventional, without Cry proteins, used as the control); D, MG652PW (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/Cry1F); E, NS90VTPro2 (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2/CP4-EPSPS); and F, NS92VTPro (Cry1A.105/Cry2Ab2). DAMG30, damage at 30 days after sowing; DAMG70, damage at 70 days after sowing; DAMG110, damage at 110 days after sowing; LCI, leaf chlorophyll index; 1000W, 1,000-grain weight; and PEWD, percentage of ears without damage.

Table 1 Soil chemical attributes at a 0 to 20 cm depth after limestone application in the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 harvests⁽¹⁾.

Harvest	pH CaCl₂	OM	P_resin	H+Al	Al³⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg	CEC	BS
Harvest	pH CaCl₂	(g dm^-3)	(mg dm^-3)	------------------------------------(cmol_c dm^-3)--------------------------------------						(%)
2014/2015	5.60	29.70	29.90	1.50	0.00	0.64	4.00	1.20	7.34	79.56
2015/2016	5.40	25.60	31.50	0.98	0.00	0.79	5.00	1.00	7.77	87.38

⁽¹⁾
pH, active acidity; OM, organic matter; P, available phosphorus; H+Al, potential acidity; Al, exchangeable acidity; K, available potassium; Ca, exchangeable calcium; Mg, exchangeable magnesium; CEC, effective cation exchange capacity; and BS%, base saturation at pH_7.0.

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Interrelationship between potassium rates and the efficiency of Bt genes in the control of Spodoptera frugiperda

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[1] Corresponding author