Storability of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple as affected by harvest maturity, 1-methylcyclopropene treatment, and storage atmosphere

Argenta, Luiz Carlos; Thewes, Fabio Rodrigo; Anese, Rogerio de Oliveira; Freitas, Sérgio Tonetto de; Moura-Bueno, Jean Michel; Ogoshi, Claudio; Baseggio, Priscila

doi:10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2023.v58.03121

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Pomology / Original Article • Pesq. agropec. bras. 58 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2023.v58.03121 copy

Storability of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple as affected by harvest maturity, 1-methylcyclopropene treatment, and storage atmosphere

Armazenabilidade de maçã 'SCS417 Monalisa' conforme maturação na colheita, tratamento com 1-metilciclopropeno e atmosfera de armazenagem

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this work was to determine the storability of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple fruit in response to harvest maturity, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, and storage atmospheres. Fruit quality was evaluated after two, four, six, and eight months plus one day or seven days in shelf life at 22°C. The controlled atmosphere (CA) and 1-MCP (1.0 μL L^-1) treatments reduce fruit ethylene production and respiration, prevent rapid softening, and inhibit the incidence of scald-like symptoms, flesh browning, cracking, and fungal decay, in comparison with air storage . The combination of 1-MCP and CA provides additive benefits in firmness retention and in the reduction of the incidence of physiological disorders. CA and/or 1-MCP increase the risk of fruit developing wrinkly skin disorder. The loss of flesh firmness and acidity and the development of all physiological disorders and decay are higher in late-harvested fruit. The storage life of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple is about two months in cold air and from six to eight months in cold CA, considering the time necessary to reach a flesh firmness of 53 N. The limiting factor for the long-term storage of 'SCS417 Monalisa' apple fruit under CA without 1-MCP is the development of physiological disorders and fungal decay.

Index terms
Malus × domestica ; decay; flesh firmness; physiological disorders

Experiment	Year	Harvest	Starch index (SI)	Flesh firmness	SSC	TA
		time	(1-9)	(N)	(%)	(%)
1	2019	Feb. 06 (H1)	5.8±2.0	81.5±5.2	14.1±0.6	0.538±0.06
1	2021	Feb. 03 (H1)	6.2±1.7	80.6±6.6	13.6±0.5	0.489±0.04
2	2020	Feb. 06 (H1)	4.1±1.9	87.5±5.8	13.9±0.3	0.574±0.02
2	2020	Feb. 17 (H2)	6.1±1.8	83.4±6.0	15.6±0.5	0.544±0.04

Variable	Year	Treatment	Equation	R²
Ethylene	2019	Air	f = 0.5+1.1x	0.89^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
		CA	f = 1.6/(1+exp(-(x-4.1)/0.5))	0.94^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
		Air+MCP	f = 0.05+0.04x-0.02x²+0.003x³	0.99^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
		CA+MCP	f = 0.07-0.05x+0.009x²	0.89^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
Respiration	2019	Air	f =422.8-80.5x+19.5x²	0.94^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
		CA	f = 395.9-72.6x+9.9x²	0.74^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
		Air+MCP	f = 420.1-56.6x+6.0x²	0.91^ , and
		CA+MCP	f = 416.2-169.6x+41.6x²-2.75x³	0.98^* * Significant models at 0.1%, 1%, and 5% probability, respectively. Air, atmosphere of air (21 kPa O2); CA, controlled atmosphere; MCP (1-methylcyclopropene); H1, early harvest; H2, late harvest.
Firmness (N)	2019-2021	Air	f= 33.2+47.2exp(-0.37x)	0.98^ , and
		CA	f = 63.3+17.8exp(-0.24x)	0.99^* ***** ,
		Air+MCP	f = 82.2-3.14x-0.10x²	0.98^* ***** ,
		CA+MCP	f = 80.9-1.4x	0.98^* ***** ,
	2020	H1, Air	f = 30+53.1exp(-0.57x)	0.98^ , and
		H2, Air	f = 36.3+50.7exp(-0.40x)	0.99^ , and
		H1, Air +MCP	f = 88.1-1.3x	0.93^* ***** ,
		H2, Air +MCP	f = 83-3.3x	0.98^* ***** ,
Acidity (%)	2019-2021	Air	f = 88.1-1.3x	0.98^* ***** ,
		CA	f = 0.52-0.02x	0.96^* ***** ,
		Air+MCP	f = 0.52-0.03x	0.95^* ***** ,
		CA+MCP	f = 0.34+0.19exp(-0.18x)	0.87^ , and
	2020	H1, Air	f = 0.03+0.52exp(-0.18x)	0.98^ , and
		H2, Air	f = 0.02+0.55exp(-0.15x)	0.99^* ***** ,
		H1, Air+MCP	f = 0.57-0.04x	0.92^ , and
		H2, Air+MCP	f = 0.04+0.55exp(-0.09x)	0.91^* ***** ,
SST (%)	2019-2021	Air	f = 13.4+0.25x-0.05x²	0.96^* ***** ,
		CA	f = 13.4+0.32x-0.04x²	0.92^* ***** ,
		Air+MCP	f = 13.4+0.54x-0.07x²	0.98^* ***** ,
		CA+MCP	f = 13.3+0.5x-0.06x²	0.98^* ***** ,
	2020	H1, Air	f = 15.05-0.11x	0.72^* ***** ,
		H2, Air	f = 13.5+0.4x-0.05x²	0.79^* ***** ,
		H1, Air+MCP	f = 15.15-0.07x	0.89^* ***** ,
		H2, Air+MCP	f = 13.7+0.6x-0.07x²	0.82^* ***** ,
SST/TA	2019-2021	Air	f = 26.3+3.9x	0.92^* ***** ,
		CA	f = 26.2+1.45x	0.89^* ***** ,
		Air+MCP	f = 26.6+1.9x	0.84^* ***** ,
		CA+MCP	f = 24.2+3.5x-0.3x2	0.86^ , and
	2020	H1, Air	f = 22.9+8.6x	0.95^* ***** ,
		H2, Air	f = 21.03+6.7x	0.95^* ***** ,
		H1, Air+MCP	f = 24.3+3.7x	0.93^* ***** ,
		H2, Air+MCP	f = 24.1+2.6x	0.93^* ***** ,

Month	Severity⁽²⁾				Incidence (%)⁽³⁾
Month	Air	Air+MCP	CA	CA+MCP	Air	Air+MCP	CA	CA+MCP
	Decay
	One day in shelf life
2	1.02Ac	1.01Aab	1.02Ac	1.06Aabc	1.2	0.6	1.2	2.9
4	1.24Ab	1.00Bb	1.06Bbc	1.01Bbc	11.8	0.0	2.9	0.6
6	1.59Aa	1.05Ba	1.11Bab	1.07Bab	27.1	2.4	5.3	3.5
8	1.68Aa	1.04Bab	1.15Ba	1.08Ba	33.3	1.7	7.5	4.2
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.05Ad	1.03Ab	1.06Ab	1.06Aa	2.4	1.4	2.9	2.9
4	1.74Ac	1.03Cb	1.21Ba	1.05Ca	37.1	1.4	10.5	2.4
6	2.07Ab	1.12Ba	1.18Ba	1.10Ba	53.3	6.2	9.0	5.2
8	2.54Aa	1.16Ba	1.25Ba	1.10Ba	76.9	8.1	12.5	5.0
	‘Scald like’
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00Ac	1.00Ac	1.00Ac	1.00Ab	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.44Ab	1.02Bbc	1.08Bbc	1.00Bb	14.9	0.8	2.7	0.0
6	1.93Aa	1.04Ba	1.29Ba	1.03Ca	31.4	1.2	9.8	0.8
8	1.89Aa	1.03Bb	1.11Bb	1.00Bb	30.0	1.1	3.9	0.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.16Ab	1.00Bb	1.00Bb	1.00Bb	5.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.89Aa	1.00Ba	1.29Ba	1.05Ca	29.5	0.0	9.8	1.6
6	2.05Aa	1.09Ba	1.43Ba	1.01Cab	34.9	2.9	14.3	0.3
8	1.35Ab	1.06Bb	1.07Bb	1.00Bb	11.7	2.1	2.5	0.0
	Flesh browning
	One day in shelf life
2	1.05Ac	1.01Ab	1.02Ac	1.01Ab	1.6	0.4	0.8	0.4
4	1.15Abc	1.00Cb	1.09ABbc	1.01BCb	5.1	0.0	3.1	0.4
6	1.21ABb	1.06Ca	1.25Aa	1.07BCa	7.1	2.0	8.2	2.4
8	1.36Aa	1.01Bb	1.11Bb	1.01Bb	12.2	0.0	3.3	0.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.06Ab	1.00Bb	1.03ABc	1.01ABa	1.9	0.0	1.0	0.3
4	1.12Ab	1.02Bb	1.06ABbc	1.02Ba	4.1	0.6	1.9	0.6
6	1.70Aa	1.10BCa	1.22Ba	1.00Ca	23.5	3.2	7.3	0.0
8	1.21Ab	1.09ABa	1.16Aab	1.00Ba	7.1	2.9	5.4	0.0

Month	Severity⁽²⁾				Incidence (%)⁽³⁾
Month	Air		Air+MCP		Air		Air+MCP
	H1	H2	H1	H2	H1	H2	H1	H2
	Decay
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00AB	1.08Ad	1.00Aa	1.00Ab	0.0	4.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Bb	1.76Ac	1.05Ba	1.00Bb	0.0	38.0	2.5	0.0
6	1.30Bb	2.18Ab	1.08Ba	1.08Bb	15.0	58.9	3.8	4.0
8	1.90Ba	2.58Aa	1.10Ca	1.36Ca	45.0	79.0	5.0	18.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.18ABc	1.32Ac	1.05Bb	1.08Bc	8.8	16.0	2.5	4.0
4	1.17Bc	2.10Ab	1.07Bab	1.12Bc	8.3	55.0	3.3	6.0
6	1.55Bb	2.84Aa	1.03Cb	1.40Bb	27.5	90.0	1.3	20.0
8	2.55Ba	3.00Aa	1.20Da	1.64Ca	82.0	100.0	10.0	32.0
	‘Scald like’
	One day in shelf life
2	1.15Bb	2.32Aa	1.00Ba	1.00Aa	5.0	44.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.60Ba	2.52Aa	1.00Ca	1.24Aa	20.0	50.7	0.0	8.0
6	1.95Aa	1.64Bb	1.10Ca	1.22Bb	31.7	21.5	5.0	7.3
8	1.85Aa	1.42Bb	1.00Ca	1.38Bb	28.3	14.0	0.0	12.7
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.98Bb	3.10Aa	1.00Cb	1.04Aa	32.5	70.0	0.0	1.3
4	1.75Bb	2.80Aa	1.00Db	1.30Aa	25.0	60.0	0.0	10.0
6	2.40Aa	1.16Bb	1.08Bb	1.16Bb	46.7	5.3	3.7	5.3
8	1.78Ab	1.00Bb	1.25Ba	1.36Bb	25.8	0.0	12.5	12.0
	Flesh browning
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00Bb	1.16Abc	1.00Ba	1.00Bb	0.0	5.3	0.0	0.0
4	1.05ABb	1.16Abc	1.00Ba	1.00Bb	1.7	5.3	0.0	0.0
6	1.28Bab	1.71Aa	1.03Ba	1.12Bab	9.2	23.7	0.8	4.0
8	1.40Aa	1.38Ab	1.00Ba	1.20ABa	13.3	12.7	0.0	6.7
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.00Bb	1.32Ac	1.00Bb	1.02Bb	0.0	10.7	0.0	0.7
4	1.08Bb	1.78Ab	1.00Bb	1.10Bb	2.8	26.0	0.0	3.3
6	2.10Ba	4.00Aa	1.00Cb	1.12Cb	36.7	100.0	0.0	4.0
8	1.80Aa	- d	1.18Ba	1.80Aa	26.7	-	5.8	26.7

Month	Severity⁽²⁾				Incidence (%)⁽³⁾
Month	Air	Air+MCP	CA	CA+MCP	Air	Air+MCP	CA	CA+MCP
	Fruit cracking
	One day in shelf life
2	1.01Ad	1.00Aa	1.00Ab	1.00Aa	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.12Ac	1.00Ba	1.03Bb	1.01Ba	11.8	0.0	3.5	1.2
6	1.21Ab	1.01Ca	1.12Ba	1.01Ca	21.2	1.2	11.8	1.2
8	1.40Aa	1.00Ca	1.13Ba	1.00Ca	40.0	0.0	13.3	0.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.03Ac	1.01Aa	1.00Ab	1.01Aa	2.9	1.0	0.0	1.0
4	1.14Ab	1.00Ba	1.12Aa	1.00Ba	14.3	0.0	12.4	0.0
6	1.54Aa	1.04Ca	1.16Ba	1.00Ca	54.3	3.8	16.2	0.0
8	1.53Aa	1.04Ba	1.09Ba	1.00Ba	52.5	3.8	8.8	0.0
	Wrinkly skin
	One day in shelf life
2	1.01Aa	1.01Aab	1.00Ac	1.00Ab	0.6	0.6	0.0	0.0
4	1.01Aa	1.02Aab	1.02Abc	1.05Aab	0.6	1.2	1.2	2.4
6	1.00Ba	1.05ABa	1.07Ab	1.06ABa	0.0	2.4	3.5	2.9
8	1.00Ba	1.03Bab	1.13Aa	1.05Ba	0.0	1.7	6.7	2.5
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.00Ab	1.02Ab	1.00Ab	1.02Ac	0.0	1.0	0.0	1.0
4	1.00Bb	1.06Aab	1.02ABb	1.05Abc	0.0	2.9	1.0	2.4
6	1.03Ba	1.09ABa	1.13Aa	1.12Aab	1.4	4.3	6.7	6.2
8	1.00Bb	1.08ABab	1.11Aa	1.14Aa	0.0	3.8	5.6	6.9
	Bitter pit (1-4)
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00Aa	1.01Ab	1.00Ab	1.00Aa	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Ba	1.04Aab	1.00Bb	1.00Ba	0.0	1.2	0.0	0.0
6	1.00Ba	1.08Aab	1.00Bb	1.00Ba	0.0	2.7	0.0	0.0
8	1.00Aa	1.10Aa	1.10Aa	1.02Aa	0.0	3.3	3.3	0.6
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.00Aa	1.00Ab	1.00Ab	1.00Ab	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Ba	1.00Bb	1.04Aab	1.00Bb	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.0
6	1.01Aa	1.02Aab	1.00Ab	1.00Ab	0.3	0.6	0.0	0.0
8	1.00Aa	1.06Aa	1.06Aa	1.04Aa	0.0	2.1	2.1	1.3

Month	Severity⁽²⁾				Incidence (%)⁽³⁾
	Air		Air+MCP		Air		Air+MCP
	H1	H2	H1	H2	H1	H2	H1	H2
	Fruit cracking
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00Bc	1.52Ac	1.00Ba	1.00Bb	0.0	26.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.10Bbc	1.68Ab	1.05Ba	1.00Bb	5.0	34.0	2.5	0.0
6	1.30Bab	1.93Aa	1.05Ca	1.10Cb	15.0	46.7	2.5	5.0
8	1.45Ba	1.96Aa	1.03Ca	1.40Ba	22.5	48.0	1.25	20.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.00Bb	1.40Ac	1.00Ba	1.02Bb	0.0	20.0	0.0	1.0
4	1.10Bb	1.74Ab	1.00Ba	1.04Bb	5.0	37.0	0.0	2.0
6	1.70Ba	2.00Aa	1.00Ca	1.12Cb	35.0	50.0	0.0	6.0
8	1.83Ba	2.00Aa	1.03Da	1.36Ca	41.2	50.0	1.25	18.0
	Wrinkly skin
	One day in shelf life
2	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
6	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.02Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0
8	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.13ABa	1.26Aa	1.03Ba	1.18ABb	6.2	13.0	1.2	9.0
4	1.00Cb	1.26Ba	1.00Ca	1.52Aa	0.0	13.0	0.0	26.0
6	1.00Ab	1.00Ab	1.05Aa	1.00Ab	0.0	0.0	2.5	0.0
8	1.00Bb	1.00Bb	1.00Ba	1.16Ab	0.0	0.0	0.0	8.0
	Bitter pit (1-2)
	One day in shelf life
2	1.05Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.7	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Ab	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
6	1.00Ab	1.00Aa	1.05Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	1.7	0.0
8	1.00Ab	1.00Aa	1.05Aa	1.04Aa	0.0	0.0	1.7	1.3
	Seven days in shelf life
2	1.03Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
4	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
6	1.03Aa	1.00Aa	1.05Aa	1.00Aa	0.8	0.0	1.7	0.0
8	1.00Aa	1.00Aa	1.08Aa	1.00Aa	0.0	0.0	2.5	0.0

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