Soil acidity levels for blackberry liming recommendation and yield increase

Silva, Enilson de Barros; Lima, Ramony Cristina; Gaurat, Jéssica Oliveira; Braga Neto, Ari Medeiros; Cruz, Maria do Céu Monteiro da; Bié, Dalila Costa Aparecida; Gonçalves, Emerson Dias; Silva, Luiz Fernando de Oliveira; Moura, Pedro Henrique Abreu; Souza, Shirley Macedo de

doi:10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2024.v59.03398

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Fertilization/ Original Article • Pesq. agropec. bras. 59 • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2024.v59.03398 copy

Soil acidity levels for blackberry liming recommendation and yield increase

Níveis de acidez do solo para recomendação de calagem e aumento de produção da amora-preta

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The objective of this work was to determine the acidity levels to obtain adequate soil chemical attributes for the maximum fruit yield of blackberry trees grown in acidic soils subjected to increasing limestone rates. The BRS Tupy, Brazos, Guarani, and BRS Xavante blackberry cultivars were evaluated on the Typic Hapludox (LVdf) and Rhodic Hapludox (LVd) soils, to which four rates of dolomitic limestone were applied (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 Mg ha^-1). The effect of liming on soil chemical attributes, in a 2×4 factorial arrangement (soils and limestone rates), as well as leaf nutrient content and fruit yield, in a 2×4×4 factorial arrangement (soils, limestone rates, and cultivars), were evaluated. The maximum fruit yield was obtained with 3.3 Mg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone. The blackberry cultivars showed a high demand for Ca, Mg, and base saturation and a low tolerance to aluminum in the soils. From 3.3 Mg ha^-1 dolomitic limestone, the maximum fruit yield of blackberry trees grown in acidic soils is obtained with pH 5.6, maximum tolerated aluminum saturation of 6%, Ca and Mg concentration of 45.3 mmol_c kg^-1, and base saturation of 48.3%.

Index terms
Rubus; aluminum; base saturation; nutritional efficiency; soil acidity; soil pH

Attribute	Unit	LVdf⁽¹⁾	LVd⁽²⁾
pH _{(water 1:2.5)}	-	4.20	4.01
P _{(Mehlich 1)}	(mg kg^-1)	0.30	3.16
K _{(Mehlich 1)}	(mmol_c kg^-1)	0.03	0.02
Ca _{(KCl 1.0 mol L}^-1₎	(mmol_c kg^-1)	0.90	1.00
Mg _{(KCl 1.0 mol L}^-1₎	(mmol_c kg^-1)	0.90	0.70
Al _{(KCl 1.0 mol L}^-1₎	(mmol_c kg^-1)	21.10	20.10
Cation exchange capacity	(mmol_c kg^-1)	156.40	170.10
Al saturation	(%)	92.01	92.09
Base saturation	(%)	1.17	1.01
Ca saturation	(%)	0.58	0.59
Mg saturation	(%)	0.58	0.41
K saturation	(%)	0.02	0.01
Organic carbon	(g kg^-1)	13.51	14.73
Remaining P	(mg L^-1)	16.88	15.89
Sand _{(pipette method)}	(g kg^-1)	456	377
Loam _{(pipette method)}	(g kg^-1)	84	63
Clay _{(pipette method)}	(g kg^-1)	460	560

Chemical attribute	Regression equation	R²	F-test	Value
pH_water	$ŷ = 4.2 + 0.7909 x^{0.5}$	0.95	32.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	5.6
K (mmol_c kg^-1)	$ŷ = 5.1 - 0.2631 x^{0.5}$	0.94	14.2^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.6
Ca (mmol_c kg^-1)	$ŷ = 0.4 + 18.2171 x^{0.5}$	0.99	168.6^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	33.5
Mg (mmol_c kg^-1)	$ŷ = 0.1 + 6.4196 x^{0.5}$	0.97	321.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	11.8
Al (mmol_c kg^-1)	$ŷ = 17.6 - 8.6808 x^{0.5}$	0.83	330.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	1.8
Al saturation (%)	$ŷ = 63.2 - 31.5071 x^{0.5}$	0.82	152.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	6.0
Base saturation (%)	$ŷ = 5.3 + 23.6641 x^{0.5}$	0.99	78.6^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	48.3
Ca saturation (%)	$ŷ = 0.4 + 17.6871 x^{0.5}$	0.99	77.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	32.5
Mg saturation (%)	$ŷ = 0.1 + 6.2326 x^{0.5}$	0.97	79.8^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	11.4
K saturation (%)	$ŷ = 4.9 - 0.2554 x^{0.5}$	0.97	20.2^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.4

Nutrient	Cultivar	Liming rate (Mg ha^-1)				Regression equation	R²	F-test	CA
Nutrient	Cultivar	0	1.5	3.0	6.0	Regression equation	R²	F-test	CA
		Macronutrient in leaves (g kg^-1)
N	BRS Tupy	29.8	28.7	27.6	20.7	$ŷ = 30.7 - 1.5323 x$	0.92	6.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	25.7
	Brazos	26.9	24.6	23.9	23.1	$ŷ = 26.1 - 0.5784 x$	0.81	5.0^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	24.2
	BRS Xavante	35.4	29.7	29.3	19.1	$ŷ = 35.2 - 2.5847 x$	0.95	17.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	26.6
	Guarani	35.5	27.9	26.5	23.8	$ŷ = 33.0 - 1.7456 x$	0.80	9.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	27.2
P	BRS Tupy	2.4	3.2	3.9	5.3	$ŷ = 2.4 + 0.4704 x$	0.99	13.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.0
	Brazos	1.0	1.2	1.9	2.7	$ŷ = 0.9 + 0.2945 x$	0.98	5.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	1.9
	BRS Xavante	1.1	1.8	2.3	4.2	$ŷ = 1.0 + 0.5151 x$	0.98	16.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	2.7
	Guarani	1.2	1.6	2.5	3.7	$ŷ = 1.2 + 0.4268 x$	0.98	11.2^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	2.6
K	BRS Tupy	9.7	8.5	7.6	5.2	$ŷ = 9.7 - 0.7486 x$	0.99	23.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	7.3
	Brazos	8.6	9.1	9.1	6.4	$ŷ = 9.4 - 0.4037 x$	0.90	10.8^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	8.0
	BRS Xavante	12.7	10.5	11.7	7.0	$ŷ = 12.7 - 0.8692 x$	0.81	388^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	9.9
	Guarani	9.9	8.4	8.2	7.2	$ŷ = 9.5 - 0.4071 x$	0.90	7.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	8.2
Ca	BRS Tupy	4.9	7.0	9.1	13.2	$ŷ = 5.0 + 1.369 x$	0.99	30.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	9.5
	Brazos	4.4	6.4	7.8	11.2	$ŷ = 4.5 + 1.1200 x$	0.99	20.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	8.2
	BRS Xavante	3.7	4.5	5.0	7.9	$ŷ = 3.4 + 0.7081 x$	0.96	8.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	5.8
	Guarani	3.9	4.4	5.3	6.6	$ŷ = 3.8 + 0.4714 x$	0.99	5.2^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	5.3
Mg	BRS Tupy	3.3	3.8	4.2	4.9	$ŷ = 3.3 + 0.2715 x$	0.99	8.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.2
	Brazos	2.4	3.3	3.9	5.3	$ŷ = 2.5 + 0.4679 x$	0.99	24.0^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.0
	BRS Xavante	3.7	3.9	4.1	4.9	$ŷ = 3.6 + 0.1951 x$	0.97	4.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	4.3
	Guarani	3.0	3.2	3.4	3.8	$ŷ = 3.0 + 0.1442 x$	0.99	7.2^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	3.4
S	BRS Tupy	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.4	$ŷ = 1.1 + 0.064$	0.99	16.8^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	1.3
	Brazos	1.1	1.6	1.9	2.8	$ŷ = 1.1 + 0.2813 x$	0.99	18.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	2.0
	BRS Xavante	0.8	1.4	1.5	2.8	$ŷ = 0.8 + 0.3173 x$	0.97	23.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	1.8
	Guarani	0.7	1.2	1.6	2.6	$ŷ = 0.7 + 0.3039 x$	0.99	21.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	1.7
		Micronutrient in leaves (mg kg^-1)
B	BRS Tupy	149.7	128.5	118.8	86.1	$ŷ = 154.1 - 24.703 x^{0.5}$	0.93	18.8^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	109.3
	Brazos	130.2	105.8	92.9	53.8	$ŷ = 135.8 - 29.7338 x^{0.5}$	0.92	27.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	81.8
	BRS Xavante	27.7	19.1	11.4	4.3	$ŷ = 28.6 - 9.6201 x^{0.5}$	0.98	12.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	11.1
	Guarani	57.0	51.4	44.5	31.9	$ŷ = 59.6 - 9.892 x^{0.5}$	0.90	13.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	41.6
Cu	BRS Tupy	48.2	23.6	16.8	9.7	$ŷ = 46.2 - 16.0239 x^{0.5}$	0.97	47.6^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	17.1
	Brazos	22.0	16.7	14.2	11.9	$ŷ = 21.9 - 4.2029 x^{0.5}$	0.99	23.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	14.3
	BRS Xavante	28.1	21.7	10.7	4.8	$ŷ = 29.6 - 9.8434 x^{0.5}$	0.93	18.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	11.7
	Guarani	18.9	14.8	9.8	2.7	$ŷ = 20.3 - 6.5037 x^{0.5}$	0.92	28.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	8.5
Fe	BRS Tupy	222.1	189.9	148.6	103.3	$ŷ = 231.3 - 48.3563 x^{0.5}$	0.94	21.3^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	143.5
	Brazos	290.1	266.4	207.9	192.3	$ŷ = 296.6 - 42.4974 x^{0.5}$	0.88	17.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	219.4
	BRS Xavante	173.8	129.0	83.2	52.1	$ŷ = 178.3 - 50.8853 x^{0.5}$	0.97	22.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	85.9
	Guarani	204.7	129.9	117.6	96.3	$ŷ = 197.5 - 44.6745 x^{0.5}$	0.96	17.8^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	116.3
Mn	BRS Tupy	417.1	329.4	283.6	197.1	$ŷ = 425.9 - 88.0977 x^{0.5}$	0.98	13.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	265.8
	Brazos	445.3	350.7	208.8	162.3	$ŷ = 456.3 - 121.7265 x^{0.5}$	0.93	17.5^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	235.1
	BRS Xavante	444.0	245.4	186.2	118.4	$ŷ = 430.7 - 134.8056 x^{0.5}$	0.98	18.7^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	185.8
	Guarani	727.2	256.6	141.8	112.8	$ŷ = 664.2 - 262.3393 x^{0.5}$	0.90	23.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	187.6
Zn	BRS Tupy	55.1	46.7	33.3	25.6	$ŷ = 56.9 - 12.4133 x^{0.5}$	0.94	19.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	34.4
	Brazos	41.9	35.6	25.3	14.9	$ŷ = 44.3 - 11.0088 x^{0.5}$	0.92	15.6^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	24.3
	BRS Xavante	51.1	50.5	30.8	25.5	$ŷ = 54.6 - 11.2023 x^{0.5}$	0.93	19.4^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	34.3
	Guarani	38.9	29.9	29.0	17.8	$ŷ = 39.8 - 8.0857 x^{0.5}$	0.93	18.1^ Significant at 1% probability. x = 3.3 Mg ha-1.	25.1

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