Physiological and morphological traits of tulip (<i>Tulipa</i> sp.) as affected by different concentrations of ethanol and methanol

Ramazannejad, Sajedeh; Sedaghathoor, Shahram

doi:10.1590/2447-536X.v27i4.2313

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Scientific Article • Ornam. Hortic. 27 (4) • Oct-Dec 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v27i4.2313 copy

Physiological and morphological traits of tulip (Tulipa sp.) as affected by different concentrations of ethanol and methanol

Influência de diferentes concentrações de etanol e metanol nas características fisiológicas e morfológicas de Tulipa (Tulipa sp.)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Tulip (Tulipa sp.) is of the highest economic importance and cultivated area among all bulbous ornamental species. The spray of alcohol is regarded as a proper strategy to improve plant yields in sustainable agriculture systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different rates of ethanol and methanol on the traits of the tulip in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors including ethanol at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 vol%) and methanol at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 vol%). The estimated traits included anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, stem and leaf Brix index, leaf length and width, leaf area, total and bulb fresh and dry weight, leaf number, and flowering stalk length. Analysis of variance showed that the simple and interactive effects of different treatments were statistically significant on most estimated traits. The highest anthocyanin content (3.92 mg 100 g^-1 DM), leaf length (25.83 cm), leaf area (258.6 cm²), and bulb fresh weight (25.81 g) were obtained from the plants treated with 30% ethanol, and the highest anthocyanin content (3.45 mg 100 g^-1 DM) and leaf Brix index (10.15%) were related to 30% methanol. It can be concluded from the results that methanol and ethanol can be used as plant growth regulators.

Keywords:
anthocyanin; carotenoid; ethyl alcohol; methyl alcohol

Source of Variables	Means of squares
Source of Variables	Anthocyanin	Carotenoid	Chlorophyll a	Total chlorophyll	Leaf Brix	Stem Brix	Floral stalk length	Leaf width	Leaf length	Leaf area	Total fresh weight	Bulb fresh weight	Bulb dry weight
Replication	1.52^ns	0.64^ns	3.32*	1.89^ns	3.30^ns	0.54^ns	227.70*	1.90^ns	4.75^ns	1161.57^ns	114.87**	5.01^ns	1.78^ns
Ethanol	10.45**	0.51^ns	0.71^ns	1.57^ns	2.46^ns	0.33^ns	309.57**	3.25^ns	16.74*	4867.73*	48.47^ns	40.93**	2.50^ns
Methanol	4.97**2	0.83^ns	1.52^ns	1.40^ns	7.65**	0.94^ns	257.99*	0.97^ns	9.08^ns	521.64^ns	26.24^ns	19.99^ns	1.81^ns
Ethanol × methanol	3.11**	3.91**	1.84*	6.66*	3.26*	1.62*	414.39**	2.44^ns	10.85^ns	3781.48**	42.18*	14.40^ns	1.86^ns
Error	0.82	0.40	0.78	2.71	1.17	0.66	58.83	1.19	5.71	1093.39	17.49	6.96	0.95
CV (%)	34.17	13.18	53.30	31.15	12.05	9.83	39.02	8.24	9.39	12.92	10.18	11.27	14.48

Treatment	Anthocyanin (mg 100 g^-1 DM)	Leaf length (cm)	Leaf area (cm²)	Flowering stalk length (cm)	Bulb fresh weight (g)
0% ethanol	2.79 b	23.75 b	226.8 b	18.61 b	21.88 b
10% ethanol	1.97 c	25.67 ab	266.8 a	26.98 a	22.03 b
20% ethanol	1.92 c	26.50 a	271.5 a	15.27 b	23.89 ab
30% ethanol	3.92 a	25.83 a	258.6 a	17.77 b	25.81 a
SD	± 0.81	± 1.022	±17.43	± 4.40	± 1.59

Treatment	Anthocyanin (mg 100 g^-1 DM)	Leaf Brix (%)	Flowering stalk length (cm)	Bulb fresh weight (g)
0% methanol	1.92 c	8.71 b	24.67 a	22.07 b
10% methanol	2.44 bc	8.57 b	16.48 bc	23.65 ab
20% methanol	2.78 ab	8.43 b	15.02 c	22.80 b
30% methanol	3.45 a	10.15 a	22.46 ab	25.08 a
SD	± 0.555	± 0.69	± 4.018	± 1.119

Treatment	Anthocyanin (mg 100 g^-1 DW)	Carotenoid (g l^-1)	Chlorophyll a (mg ml^-1)	Total chlorophyll (mg ml^-1)	Leaf Brix (%)	Stem Brix (%)	Floral stalk length (cm)	Leaf length (cm)	Leaf area (cm²)	Total fresh weight (g)
a₁b₁	1.67 de	2.08 g	1.45 e	3.14 d	8.27 d	8.43 a-e	9.77 f	21.00 d	192.3 e	31.05 d
a₁b₂	3.14 bcd	2.76 fg	2.71 a-e	3.95 bcd	8.77 cd	8.75 a-d	17.33 c-f	25.00 bc	230.8 de	45.06 a
a₁b₃	3.08 bcd	2.78 fg	2.92 a-e	5.32 a..d	8.40 d	8.45a-e	17.33 c-f	24.33 bcd	231.0 de	37.50 cd
a₁b₄	3.26 bc	5.37 a	4.14 ab	6.56 ab	11.00 ab	8.25a-e	30.00 abc	24.67 bcd	253.0 bcd	41.64 abc
a₂b₁	0.55 e	2.67 fg	2.93 a-d	5.74 a..d	8.40 d	8.93 abc	23.90 b-e	27.33 ab	288.3 abc	41.07 abc
a₂b₂	0.90 e	5.05 ab	3.32 a-d	5.10 a..d	7.90 d	7.50 de	32.33 ab	27.33 ab	288.8abc	38.81 abc
a₂b₃	3.84 abc	2.91efg	2.61 cde	4.24 bcd	8.00 d	7.80 b..e	11.67 ef	23.33 cd	245.0 b..e	41.93 abc
a₂b₄	2.59 bcd	3.89 cde	3.35 a-d	6.53 ab	11.67 a	9.25 a	40.00 a	24.67 bcd	245.0 b..e	38.50 abc
a₃b₁	2.46 cd	3.95 c..f	2.30 acde	6.04 abc	7.77 d	7.50 de	25.33 bcd	26.33 abc	276.5 a..d	44.57 ab
a₃b₂	1.69 de	2.95 efg	3.55 a-d	5.36 a..d	9.07 cd	8.63 a-e	9.60 f	25.33 bc	241.3 cde	43.89 abc
a₃b₃	0.49 e	3.59 c..f	2.84 a-e	4.11 bcd	7.93 d	7.60 cde	17.67 c-f	24.33 bcd	237.2 cde	37.76 bcd
a₃b₄	3.05 bcd	3.23 def	2.69 b-e	6.32 ab	8.60 cd	9.10 ab	8.50 f	30.00 a	330.9 ab	42.48abc
a₄b₁	2.99 bcd	4.14 bcd	3.32 a-d	4.98 a..d	10.40 abc	7.37 e	39.67 a	25.00 bc	249.5 bcd	43.34abc
a₄b₂	4.05 ab	3.33 def	3.70 abc	7.27 a	8.53 d	7.77 b-e	6.67 f	26.33abc	251.5 bcd	43.07abc
a₄b₃	3.71 abc	4.60 abc	4.17 a	6.465 ab	9.40 bcd	9.10 ab	13.43 def	26.00 bc	299.5 ab	41.47abc
a₄b₄	4.91 a	2.55 fg	2.16 de	3.39 cd	9.33 bcd	8.17 a-e	11.33ef	26.00 bc	234.0 cde	45.17 a
SD	± 1.24	± 0.912	± 0.696	± 1.197	± 1.12	± 0.62	± 10.63	± 1.91	± 32.33	± 3.54

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[1] * Corresponding author: sedaghathoor@yahoo.com