Bichuette, Maria Elina; Gallão, Jonas Eduardo

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 19 (03) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0089 copiar

Under the surface: what we know about the threats to subterranean fishes in Brazil

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

O presente trabalho traz informações sobre as ameaças aos peixes subterrâneos no Brasil. Atualmente, são conhecidas pelo menos 36 espécies, 22 das quais já foram formalmente descritas. O endemismo é a regra para a maioria destas espécies. Em relação à conservação, esses peixes são em geral considerados ameaçados: a maioria das espécies já descritas está incluída em listas regionais de fauna ameaçada e apenas quatro delas estão incluídas na lista global da IUCN. Em relação aos habitats, os peixes subterrâneos brasileiros ocorrem em sedimentos aluviais (parte da zona hiporreica), riachos de nível de base, cavernas inundadas, lagos no lençol freático, tributários vadosos superiores e aquíferos no epicarste. Detectamos onze ameaças principais, a maioria relacionada à agricultura, pecuária e projetos hidrelétricos, entretanto, turismo sem planos de manejo e poluição também representam ameaças significativas. Duas ameaças afetam um grande número de espécies: a mudança física do habitat e a restrição de alimento. As bacias hidrográficas com o maior número de ameaças identificadas são a do alto Tocantins (oito) seguida pela do alto Paraguaçu (seis). Propostas eficazes para proteger esse componente negligenciado da biodiversidade brasileira são ainda escassos, como os projetos de monitoramento e sua função nas comunidades subterrâneas, além de projetos relacionados à educação, visando a sensibilização do público.

Palavras-chave:
Ameaças; Conservação; Impactos Humanos; IUCN; Peixes subterrâneos

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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[1] Edited-by

Priscila Camelier de Assis Cardoso

Species	River basin	State	Habitat / number of caves or localities
Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965	Middle rio São Francisco	Minas Gerais	Phreatic / 1
Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 2
Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 4
Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997	Upper rio Paraguai	Mato Grosso do Sul	Flooded caves / 3
Ancistrus sp. “Bodoquena”* (Trajano, Bichuette, 2010Trajano E, Bichuette ME. Subterranean fishes of Brazil. In: Trajano E, Bichuette ME, Kapoor BG, editors. Biology of Subterranean Fishes. Enfield: Science Publishers; 2010. p.331–56. ; Borghezan, 2013Borghezan R. Ecologia populacional e comportamento de peixes subterrâneos, Rhamdia sp. n. e Ancistrus sp. n., da área cárstica da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae, Loricariidae). [Master Dissertation]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2013. Available from:https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-12062013-090146/fr.php https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/4... )	Upper rio Paraguai	Mato Grosso do Sul	Flooded cave / 2
Aspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 2
Trichomycterus itacarambiensis de Pinna & Trajano, 1996	Middle rio São Francisco	Minas Gerais	Base-level stream / 1
Trichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa-Jr, Trajano & Bichuette, 2011	Upper rio Paraguai	Mato Grosso do Sul	Flooded caves / 3
Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) /1
Trichomycterus sp. “ramalho”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Base-level stream / 1
Trichomycterus sp. “iu iu”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1
Ituglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 1
Ituglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Vadose tributary / 1
Ituglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Epikarst / 1
Ituglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Vadose tributary /1
Ituglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 1
Ituglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Base-level stream / 1
Ituglanis sp. “terra ronca”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Vadose tributary / 1
Ituglanis sp. “posse”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1
Ituglanis sp. “canastra”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio São Francisco	Minas Gerais	Base-level stream
Glaphyropoma spinosum Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano, 2008	Upper rio Paraguaçu	Bahia	Base-level stream / 8
Copionodon sp. “igatu”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio Paraguaçu	Bahia	Base-level stream / 3
Pimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)	Upper rio Ribeira	São Paulo	Base-level stream / 7
Pimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2007	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Vadose tributary / 1
Pimelodella sp. “açungui”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio Ribeira	São Paulo	Base-level stream / 1
Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Base-level stream / 1
Rhamdia sp. “Bodoquena”* (Trajano, Bichuette, 2010Trajano E, Bichuette ME. Subterranean fishes of Brazil. In: Trajano E, Bichuette ME, Kapoor BG, editors. Biology of Subterranean Fishes. Enfield: Science Publishers; 2010. p.331–56. ; Borghezan, 2013Borghezan R. Ecologia populacional e comportamento de peixes subterrâneos, Rhamdia sp. n. e Ancistrus sp. n., da área cárstica da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae, Loricariidae). [Master Dissertation]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 2013. Available from:https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41133/tde-12062013-090146/fr.php https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/4... )	Upper rio Paraguai	Mato Grosso do Sul	Base-level stream / 2
Rhamdiopsis krugi Bockmann & Castro, 2010	Upper rio Paraguaçu	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 12
Rhamdiopsis sp. “gonçalo”* (Trajano, Bichuette, 2010Trajano E, Bichuette ME. Subterranean fishes of Brazil. In: Trajano E, Bichuette ME, Kapoor BG, editors. Biology of Subterranean Fishes. Enfield: Science Publishers; 2010. p.331–56. )	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1
Rhamdiopsis sp. “cordisburgo”* (Trajano, Bichuette, 2010Trajano E, Bichuette ME. Subterranean fishes of Brazil. In: Trajano E, Bichuette ME, Kapoor BG, editors. Biology of Subterranean Fishes. Enfield: Science Publishers; 2010. p.331–56. )	Middle rio São Francisco	Minas Gerais	Base-level stream / 1
Rhamdiopsis sp. “ramalho”, two populations/morphotypes (Bichuette, 2021*Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1 and 1
Rhamdiopsis sp. “caatinga”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Middle rio São Francisco	Bahia	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1
Phenacorhamdia sp. “posse”* (Bichuette, 2021Bichuette ME, Trajano E. Monitoring Brazilian cavefish: Ecology and conservation of four threatened catfish of genusItuglanis (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from Central Brazil. Diversity. 2021; 13(2):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091 https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020091... )	Upper rio Tocantins	Goiás	Upper Phreatic (cave) / 1
Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905	Amazon basin	Amapá; Pará	Hyporheic (alluvium) / 6
Phreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007	Amazon basin	Rondônia	Hyporheic (alluvium) / 1
Phreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & Schaefer, 2007	Amazon basin	Rondônia	Hyporheic (alluvium) / 2

Species	Threats	Possible causes	IUCN Brazilian Red List (ICMBio/MMA, 2018)	IUCN Global Red List	Conservation Unit
Stygichthys typhlops Brittan & Böhlke, 1965	Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitat	Artesian wells for fruit irrigation; climate change	Endangered (EN)	Deficient Data (DD)	Not included
Eigenmannia vicentespelaea Triques, 1996	Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of the subterranean drainage; tourism	Large scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate change	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ancistrus cryptophthalmus Reis, 1987	Lowering of the base-level streams; tourism	Large scale agriculture and irrigation projects (in the headwaters); deforestation of the headwaters; unmanaged tourism; climate change	Endangered (EN)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ancistrus formoso Sabino & Trajano, 1997	Pollution; physical change of the habitat	Use of pesticides for agriculture; mining for cement production	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Limits of the Serra da Bodoquena National Park
Ancistrus sp. “bodoquena”	physical change of the habitat	Deforestation; mining projects for cement production	Not included	Not included	Not included
Aspidoras mephisto Tencatt & Bichuette, 2017	Pollution; physical change of the habitat; food restriction	Use of pesticides for agriculture; discharge of domestic sewage; mining projects for cement production; deforestation of cave surroundings	Not included	Not included	Not included
Trichomycterus itacarambiensis de Pinna & Trajano, 1996	Physical change of the habitat; food restriction	Dams inside the cave for water exploration; climate change	Critically Endangered (CR)	Not included	Limits of the Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park
Trichomycterus dali Rizzato, Costa-Jr, Trajano & Bichuette, 2011	Physical change of the habitat; pollution	Mining projects for cement production; water exploration (irrigation for agriculture); deforestation of caves surroundings (agriculture and pastures); climate change	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Limits of the Serra da Bodoquena National Park (part)
Trichomycterus rubbioli Bichuette & Rizzato, 2012	Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreatic	Deforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate change	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Not included
Trichomycterus sp. “ramalho”	Lowering of the base-level stream; food restriction	Deforestation of cave surroundings (pastures and charcoal production); climate change	Not included	Not included	Not included
Trichomycterus sp. “iu iu”	Lowering of the base-level stream; food restriction	Deforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate change	Not included	Not included	Not included
Ituglanis passensis Fernández & Bichuette, 2002	Lowering of the base-level stream; siltation of subterranean drainage; food restriction	Deforestation for agriculture and pastures (small scale); climate change	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ituglanis bambui Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Siltation of the upper vadose tributary; lowering of the upper vadose tributary; tourism	Unmanaged tourism; climate change	Critically Endangered (CR)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ituglanis epikarsticus Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Lowering of the epikarst (upper aquifer); physical change of the habitat; tourism	Climate change; unmanaged tourism	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ituglanis ramiroi Bichuette & Trajano, 2004	Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourism	Climate change; unmanaged tourism	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ituglanis mambai Bichuette & Trajano, 2008	Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainage	Deforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)	Endangered (EN)	Not included	Not included
Ituglanis boticario Rizzato & Bichuette, 2015	Food restriction; siltation of the subterranean drainage	Deforestation of surroundings (agriculture and pastures)	Not included	Not included	Rio Vermelho Environmental Protection Area (APA)
Ituglanis sp. “terra ronca”	No data	No data	Not included	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Ituglanis sp. “posse”	Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreatic	Dams inside the cave for water exploration; climate change	Not included	Not included	Not included
Ituglanis sp. “canastra”	Food restriction; lowering of the base-level stream	Deforestation of surroundings; climate change	Not included	Not included	Limits of the Serra da Canastra National Park
Glaphyropoma spinosum Bichuette, de Pinna & Trajano, 2008	Physical change of the habitat; tourism	Illegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourism	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Chapada Diamantina National Park
Copionodon sp. “igatu”	Physical change of the habitat; tourism	Illegal gold panning (“garimpo”); unmanaged tourism	Not included	Not included	Chapada Diamantina National Park
Pimelodella kronei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)	Pollution (domestic sewage and others); overcollecting; physical change of the habitat	Irregular land use; weak supervising; irregular visitation of the cave	Endangered (EN)	Deficient Data (DD)	Turístico do Alto Ribeira State Park
Pimelodella spelaea Trajano, Reis & Bichuette, 2007	Lowering of the upper vadose tributary; physical change of the habitat; tourism	Climate change; unmanaged tourism	Endangered (EN)	Not included	Terra Ronca State Park
Pimelodella sp. “açungui”	Physical change of the habitat	Small Hydroelectric Power Station (SHPS)	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005	Food restriction; physical change of the habitat; lowering of the base-level stream	Deforestation of cave surroundings (agriculture; pastures and charcoal production); potential large scale mining projects; climate change	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdia sp. “bodoquena”	Physical alteration of the habitat	Deforestation of cave surroundings; mining projects for cement production	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdiopsis krugi Bockmann & Castro, 2010	Siltation; food restriction; lowering of the aquifer; pollution (part of the aquifer); tourism (part of the caves)	Deforestation of caves surroundings; installation of artesian wells; use of pesticides for agriculture; unmanaged tourism	Vulnerable (VU)	Not included	Not included
Rhamdiopsis sp. “gonçalo”	Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitat	Water withdrawal and installation of artesian wells for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); old saltpeter exploration	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdiopsis sp. “cordisburgo”	No data	No data	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdiopsis sp. “ramalho”, two populations/morphotypes	Lowering of the upper phreatic; physical change of the habitat	Water withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture (small scale); dams inside the caves	Not included	Not included	Not included
Rhamdiopsis sp. “caatinga”	Lowering of the aquifer; physical change of the habitat	Water withdrawal for human consumption and agriculture use (small scale); dams inside the cave	Not included	Not included	Not included
Phenacorhamdia sp. “posse”	Physical change of the habitat; lowering of the upper phreatic	Dams inside the cave; water withdrawal; climate change	Not included	Not included	Not included
Phreatobius cisternarum Goeldi, 1905	Habitat fragmentation; food restriction	Deforestation for agriculture and pasture activities	Least Concerned (LC)	Deficient Data (DD)	Not included
Phreatobius dracunculus Shibatta, Muriel-Cunha & de Pinna, 2007	Habitat fragmentation; food restriction	Deforestation for agriculture and pasture activities; mining	Deficient Data (DD)	Not included	Not included
Phreatobius sanguijuela Fernández, Saucedo, Carvajal-Vallejos & Schaefer, 2007	Habitat fragmentation; food restriction	Deforestation for agriculture and pasture activities	Not included	Critically Endangered (CR)	Not included