Genetic comparison of populations of <i>Piaractus brachypomus</i> and <i>P. orinoquensis</i> (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) of the Amazon and Orinoco basins

Escobar L., María Doris; Farias, Izeni P.; Hrbek, Tomas

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0056

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 20 (03) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0056 copy

Genetic comparison of populations of Piaractus brachypomus and P. orinoquensis (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) of the Amazon and Orinoco basins

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Recently, the large migratory fishes of the family Serrasalmidae (Piaractus brachypomus and P. orinoquensis) were described as restricted to the Orinoco and Amazon basins. Both species provide important ecosystem services. They also are an important fisheries resource, which has caused that their populations have decreased in recent years. National fisheries policies still consider both species as one, which leads to inefficiencies in their management and conservation. The aim of this study was to genetically characterize these two species, using microsatellite and mitochondrial markers, and discuss the implication of these results for conservation and management. We found that both species have moderate genetic diversity and varied patterns of genetic distribution in the fluvial landscape. Piaractus brachypomus presented genetic diversity of A=6.5; He=0.72; Ho=0.67; Ĥ=1.000; ᴫ=0.0092, three management units related to the evolutionary process of the Amazon basin and the effective sizes of local populations were smaller compared to P. orinoquensis, which presented genetic diversity of A=6.1; He=0.66; Ho=0.55; Ĥ=0.968; ᴫ=0.010 and comprises only one management unit. These results demonstrate the need to design management policies that focus on species and geographically restricted populations.

Keywords:
Cachama blanca; Fishery management; Morocoto; Pacu; Pirapitinga

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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[1] Edited-by

Matt Kolmann

Basin	River	Map location	Locality	Latitude	Longitude	n (mtDNA)	n (nDNA)
Orinoco	Guaviare	1	San José del Guaviare	02º35’5.11”N	72º38’32.34”W	23	20
	Meta	2	Puerto López	04º05’34.81”N	72º56’34.04”W	23	20
	Middle Orinoco	3	Puerto Carreño	06º11’18.14”N	67º28’13.33”W	18	20
	Apure	4	San Fernado de Apure	07º53’22.52”N	67º26’53.01”W	16	20
	Lower Orinoco	5	San Felix	08º22’48.98”N	62º39’20.73”W	12	15
Amazon	Upper Madeira	1	Guajará-Mirim	10º48’35”S	65º19’34.31”W	16	20
	Upper Purus	2	Boca de Acre	08º44’28.37”S	67º22’59.79”W	-	20
	Solimões	3	Leticia	04º7’55.45”S	69º59’56.68”W	10	20
	Caqueta-Japurá	4	La Pedrera	01º19’10.37”S	69º35’28.36”W	-	20
	Japurá	5	Cidade Japurá	01º44’45.77”S	65º50’15.07”W	9	20
	Branco	6	Parimé River	02º54’44.41”N	60º40’45.05”W	-	20
	Middle Madeira	7	Humaita	07º26’43.53”S	63º0’15.27”W	9	20
	Juruá	8	Cidade Juruá	03º27’53.42”S	66º04’07.23”W	-	20
	Solimões	9	Tefé	03º15’35.20”S	64º40’5.46”W	3	20
	Lower Purus	10	Beruri	03º53’8-56”S	61º22’4.16”W	-	20
	Amazonas	11	Janauacá	03º25’48.56”S	60º17’10.81”W	11	20
	Low Madeira	12	Borba	04º23’26.12”S	59º35’10.92”W	14	20
	Tapajós	13	Itaituba	04º17’21.09”S	56º1’48.13”W	2	20
	Trombetas	14	Óbidos	01º42’43.60”S	55º53’45.97”W	-	20
	Amazonas	15	Santarém	02º26’43.34”S	54º40’34.45”W	10	20

Locations	nDNA						mtDNA
Locations	n	A	Ho	He	FIS	P<0.05	n	Ĥ	ᴫ
Leticia	20	7.0	0.63	0.77	0.133	0.088	10	1 ± 0.045	0.0095 ± 0.005
La Pedrera	20	5.7	0.74	0.72	-0.025	0.691	-	-	-
Japurá	20	7.8	0.80	0.78	-0.027	0.737	9	1 ± 0.052	0.0094 ± 0.005
Juruá	20	7.7	0.76	0.76	-0.002	0.530	-	-	-
Tefé	20	6.0	0.77	0.72	-0.072	0.908	3	1 ± 0.277	0.0092 ± 0.007
Beruri	20	6.2	0.65	0.70	0.068	0.118	-	-	-
Boca do Acre	20	5.2	0.55	0.63	0.115	0.040	-	-	-
Janauacá	20	5.5.	0.70	0.71	-0.160	0.650	11	1 ± 0.039	0.0083 ± 0.005
Parimé	20	5.7	0.63	0.62	-0.025	0.687	-	-	-
Óbidos	20	6.0	0.69	0.75	0.076	0.071	-	-	-
Guajará-Mirim	20	6.2	0.65	0.71	0.090	0.064	16	1 ± 0.022	0.0081 ± 0.005
Humaitá	20	6.2	0.57	0.72	0.210	0.000	9	1 ± 0.052	0.0102 ± 0.006
Borba	20	7.3	0.63	0.74	0.149	0.003	14	1 ± 0.052	0.0102 ± 0.006
Santarém	20	6.7	0.60	0.71	0.153	0.001	10	1 ± 0.045	0.0070 ± 0.004
Itaituba	20	7.5	0.70	0.79	0.117	0.024	2	1 ± 0.500	0.0113 ± 0.012

Locations	nDNA						mtDNA
Locations	n	A	Ho	He	FIS	P<0.05	n	Ĥ	ᴫ
Meta	20	5.86	0.51	0.63	0.19	0.00	23	0.971 ± 0.004	0.009 ± 0.005
Puerto Carreño	20	5.57	0.61	0.69	0.12	0.01	18	0.955 ± 0.003	0.012 ± 0.006
Apure	20	6.14	0.64	0.70	0.07	0.09	16	1.000 ± 0.022	0.011 ± 0.006
Guaviare	20	6.86	0.59	0.69	0.14	0.00	23	0.978 ± 0.006	0.009 ± 0.005
San Felix	15	6.14	0.42	0.61	0.32	0.00	12	0.936 ± 0.008	0.010 ± 0.005