Apesar de muitos estudos sobre a ictiofauna do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha terem sido realizados, sua diversidade de peixes mesofóticos nunca foi estudada antes. Neste estudo utilizamos mergulho autônomo e mergulho técnico, vídeos subaquáticos remotos com isca e veículo operado remotamente para registrar peixes de ecossistemas rasos (≤ 30 m de profundidade) e mesofóticos (31 a 150 m de profundidade). Dezenove espécies de peixes pertencentes a 14 famílias são apresentadas aqui como novos registros, representando um aumento de 8,2% na riqueza de peixes marinhos da região, que agora possui um total de 250 espécies e 77 famílias. Esses novos registros incluem quatro prováveis novas espécies e reforçam a importância de estudos em ecossistemas mesofóticos. Nossos resultados também enfatizam a necessidade de proteção e atenção à essa ictiofauna única encontrada nesses ecossistemas profundos.

Palabras-chave:
Área Marinha Protegida; BRUVS; Ilha Oceânica; Rebreather; Veículo Operado Remotamente

Autoria

Caio R. Pimentel

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental, Dep. de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Univ. Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil. (CRP) caiopimentelr@gmail.com; (JCJ) jean.joyeux@ufes.br; (ASM) agnaldo.ufes@gmail.com; (JBT) jboceano@gmail.com; (JLG) gaspa.vix@gmail.com; (SDTD) dtdstephanie@gmail.com.Universidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilVitória, ES, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental, Dep. de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Univ. Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, 29075-910 Vitória, ES, Brazil. (CRP) caiopimentelr@gmail.com; (JCJ) jean.joyeux@ufes.br; (ASM) agnaldo.ufes@gmail.com; (JBT) jboceano@gmail.com; (JLG) gaspa.vix@gmail.com; (SDTD) dtdstephanie@gmail.com.

California Academy of Sciences, 94118 San Francisco, CA, USA. (LAR) lrocha@calacademy.org; (BS) bshepherd@calacademy.org; San Francisco State University, 94132 San Francisco, CA, USA, (HTP) htpinheiro@gmail.com; (TP) tphelps@calacademy.org; (HTP) htpinheiro@gmail.com.California Academy of SciencesUSASan Francisco, CA, USA California Academy of Sciences, 94118 San Francisco, CA, USA. (LAR) lrocha@calacademy.org; (BS) bshepherd@calacademy.org; San Francisco State University, 94132 San Francisco, CA, USA, (HTP) htpinheiro@gmail.com; (TP) tphelps@calacademy.org; (HTP) htpinheiro@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1249

Luiz A. Rocha

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4011-569X

Bart Shepherd

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8918-1551

Tyler A. Y. Phelps

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-643X

Jean-Christophe Joyeux

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1281-4154

Agnaldo S. Martins

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2160-1326

Carlos Eduardo Stein

Associação Ambiental Voz da Natureza, Rua Coronel Shuwab Filho, 104, 29052-070 Vitória, ES, Brazil. (CES) stein.ce@gmail.com.Associação Ambiental Voz da NaturezaBrazilVitória, ES, BrazilAssociação Ambiental Voz da Natureza, Rua Coronel Shuwab Filho, 104, 29052-070 Vitória, ES, Brazil. (CES) stein.ce@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-4045

João B. Teixeira

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7630-6474

João Luiz Gasparini

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Conservação, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilMacaé, RJ, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Conservação, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 29910-970 Macaé, RJ, Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-0618

José Amorim Reis-Filho

ICHTUS Soluções em Meio Ambiente, R. Dep. Herculano Menezes, 10, 41335-400 Salvador, BA, Brazil. (JARF) amorim@icthusambiental.com.br.ICHTUS Soluções em Meio AmbienteBrazilSalvador, BA, Brazil ICHTUS Soluções em Meio Ambiente, R. Dep. Herculano Menezes, 10, 41335-400 Salvador, BA, Brazil. (JARF) amorim@icthusambiental.com.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6942-1290

Ricardo C. Garla

Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil. (RCG) rgarla@hotmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteBrazilNatal, RN, Brazil Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia, Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970 Natal, RN, Brazil. (RCG) rgarla@hotmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0827-225X

Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho

Centro de Biologia Marinha, Univ. de São Paulo, 11612-109 São Sebastião, SP, Brazil. (RBFF) francinifilho@usp.br.Univ. de São PauloBrazilSão Sebastião, SP, Brazil Centro de Biologia Marinha, Univ. de São Paulo, 11612-109 São Sebastião, SP, Brazil. (RBFF) francinifilho@usp.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7678-6797

Stephanie D. T. Delfino

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-0292

Thayná J. Mello

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil. (TJM) thaynajm@gmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do NorteBrazilNatal, RN, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 59072-970 Natal, RN, Brazil. (TJM) thaynajm@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9123-5643

Tommaso Giarrizzo

Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia, Univ. Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2651, Terra Firme, 66040-170 Belém, PA, Brazil. (TG) tgiarrizzo@gmail.com.Univ. Federal do ParáBrazilBelém, PA, Brazil Núcleo de Ecologia Aquática e Pesca da Amazônia, Univ. Federal do Pará, Av. Perimetral, 2651, Terra Firme, 66040-170 Belém, PA, Brazil. (TG) tgiarrizzo@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5116-5206

Hudson T. Pinheiro

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-1474

Edited by

Fernando Gibran

Correspondence

Caio R. Pimentel caiopimentelr@gmail.com

Author's Contriburion

Caio R. Pimentel: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Luiz A. Rocha: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Bart Shepherd: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Tyler A. Y. Phelps: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Jean-Christophe Joyeux: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Agnaldo S. Martins: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Carlos Eduardo Stein: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

João B. Teixeira: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

João Luiz Gasparini: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

José Amorim Reis-Filho: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Ricardo C. Garla: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Stephanie D. T. Delfino: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Thayná J. Mello: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Tommaso Giarrizzo: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Hudson T. Pinheiro: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

The Brazilian Environmental Agency (ICMBio, license #64991-3).

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figuras | Tabelas

Figuras (7)
Tabelas (1)

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FIGURE 1 |
Location of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil (South-western Atlantic). Blue line indicates the area of the Marine National Park of Fernando de Noronha (no-take MPA). Dashed lines indicate the 30, 60, 90 and 150 m isobaths. Black triangles, red stars, golden squares and green dots indicate the position of stereo-BRUVS deployments, rebreather dives, SCUBA dives and ROV footages, respectively.

Thumbnail

FIGURE 2 |
Middle mesophotic (61 to 90 m depth) mosaic of habitats sampled with stereo-BRUVS around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A. Patch reefs; B. Sand bottoms; and C. Rhodoliths beds.

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FIGURE 3 |
Lower mesophotic (below 90 m depth) ecosystems explored through technical rebreather diving around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A.The insular shelf edge; and B. The steep wall.

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FIGURE 4 |
New records of fishes at the mesophotic ecosystems. A. Chromis enchrysura(~ 10 cm total length); B. Balistes capriscus(~ 30 cm total length); C. Chromis scotti (~ 7.5 cm total length); D. Prognathodes guyanensis (~ 15 cm total length); E. Synodus sp. (~ 15 cm total length); F. Scorpaena sp. (~ 7.5 cm total length); G. Psilotris sp. (~ 5 cm total length); and H. Cosmocampus profundus(white arrow; ~ 15 cm total; I. Lutjanus buccanella (~ 50 cm total length). Photos by L. A. Rocha (A, C-G) and stereo-BRUVS (B, Hand I). Tosanoidessp. is under description and its picture is not shown.

Thumbnail

FIGURE 5 |
New records of fishes from the mesophotic ecosystems collected and photographed in aquarium. A. Aulotrachichthys argyrophanus(~ 6.5 cm total length; CIUFES 3909); B. Corniger spinosus(~ 15 cm total length; CIUFES 3922); C. Decodon puellaris (~ 7.5 cm total length; CIUFES 3914); and D. Pronotogrammus martinicensis(~ 20 cm total length; CIUFES 3939 / 3960). Photos by J. L. Gasparini.

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FIGURE 6 |
New records of fishes from the euphotic ecosystems. A. Kyphosus bigibbus(~ 25 cm total length); B. Kyphosus cinerascens (~ 25 cm total length); C. Kyphosus vaigiensis(~ 25 cm total length; CIUFES 4050); and D. Pseudogramma gregoryi(~ 6.5 cm total length; CIUFES 4029). Photos A, B and C by J. L. Gasparini and photo D by R. M. Macieira. Apogon pseudomaculatus(CIUFES 3957) is not shown.

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FIGURE 7 |
Evidence of human impacts (arrows) by fishing debris, plastics and other trash found in the ecosystems explored around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A.and B.Mesophotic (> 30 m deep); C. Intertidal; and D. Shallow ecosystems (≤ 30 m deep). Photos Aand B by L. A. Rocha and photos Cand D by J. L. Gasparini.

Thumbnail

TABLE 1 |
New records of fishes from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, north-eastern Brazil. Families are presented in phylogenetic order according to Nelson et al. (2016)Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons; 2016.. Information about depth zone, habitat, record type and voucher of the new records, as well as distribution and conservation status of the species are presented. Depth zone of the record: euphotic (≤ 30 m deep) and mesophotic (31 to 150 m deep). Geographic range: amphi-Atlantic (AA), Caribbean Sea (CS), Circumtropical (CT), Mediterranean (M), Northern Brazil (NB), South-western Atlantic (SW) and Western Atlantic (WA). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) conservation status: data deficient (DD), least concern (LC), and vulnerable (VU); N/A: not applicable.

FIGURE 1 | Location of the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil (South-western Atlantic). Blue line indicates the area of the Marine National Park of Fernando de Noronha (no-take MPA). Dashed lines indicate the 30, 60, 90 and 150 m isobaths. Black triangles, red stars, golden squares and green dots indicate the position of stereo-BRUVS deployments, rebreather dives, SCUBA dives and ROV footages, respectively.

FIGURE 2 | Middle mesophotic (61 to 90 m depth) mosaic of habitats sampled with stereo-BRUVS around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A. Patch reefs; B. Sand bottoms; and C. Rhodoliths beds.

FIGURE 3 | Lower mesophotic (below 90 m depth) ecosystems explored through technical rebreather diving around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A.The insular shelf edge; and B. The steep wall.

FIGURE 4 | New records of fishes at the mesophotic ecosystems. A. Chromis enchrysura(~ 10 cm total length); B. Balistes capriscus(~ 30 cm total length); C. Chromis scotti (~ 7.5 cm total length); D. Prognathodes guyanensis (~ 15 cm total length); E. Synodus sp. (~ 15 cm total length); F. Scorpaena sp. (~ 7.5 cm total length); G. Psilotris sp. (~ 5 cm total length); and H. Cosmocampus profundus(white arrow; ~ 15 cm total; I. Lutjanus buccanella (~ 50 cm total length). Photos by L. A. Rocha (A, C-G) and stereo-BRUVS (B, Hand I). Tosanoidessp. is under description and its picture is not shown.

FIGURE 5 | New records of fishes from the mesophotic ecosystems collected and photographed in aquarium. A. Aulotrachichthys argyrophanus(~ 6.5 cm total length; CIUFES 3909); B. Corniger spinosus(~ 15 cm total length; CIUFES 3922); C. Decodon puellaris (~ 7.5 cm total length; CIUFES 3914); and D. Pronotogrammus martinicensis(~ 20 cm total length; CIUFES 3939 / 3960). Photos by J. L. Gasparini.

FIGURE 6 | New records of fishes from the euphotic ecosystems. A. Kyphosus bigibbus(~ 25 cm total length); B. Kyphosus cinerascens (~ 25 cm total length); C. Kyphosus vaigiensis(~ 25 cm total length; CIUFES 4050); and D. Pseudogramma gregoryi(~ 6.5 cm total length; CIUFES 4029). Photos A, B and C by J. L. Gasparini and photo D by R. M. Macieira. Apogon pseudomaculatus(CIUFES 3957) is not shown.

FIGURE 7 | Evidence of human impacts (arrows) by fishing debris, plastics and other trash found in the ecosystems explored around the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. A.and B.Mesophotic (> 30 m deep); C. Intertidal; and D. Shallow ecosystems (≤ 30 m deep). Photos Aand B by L. A. Rocha and photos Cand D by J. L. Gasparini.

TABLE 1 | New records of fishes from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, north-eastern Brazil. Families are presented in phylogenetic order according to Nelson et al. (2016)Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MVH. Fishes of the world. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley & Sons; 2016.. Information about depth zone, habitat, record type and voucher of the new records, as well as distribution and conservation status of the species are presented. Depth zone of the record: euphotic (≤ 30 m deep) and mesophotic (31 to 150 m deep). Geographic range: amphi-Atlantic (AA), Caribbean Sea (CS), Circumtropical (CT), Mediterranean (M), Northern Brazil (NB), South-western Atlantic (SW) and Western Atlantic (WA). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) conservation status: data deficient (DD), least concern (LC), and vulnerable (VU); N/A: not applicable.

Family	Species	Depth zone	Habitat	Record type	Voucher	Geographic range	Conservation status
Synodontidae	Synodus sp.	Mesophotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 4	Unknown	N/A
Holocentridae	Corniger spinosus Agassiz, 1831	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 3922 / Fig. 5	AA	LC
Trachichthyidae	Aulotrachichthys argyrophanus (Woods, 1961)	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 3909 / Fig. 5	SW	DD
Apogonidae	Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley, 1932	Euphotic	Reef	Collected	CIUFES 3957	WA	LC
Gobiidae	Psilotris sp.	Mesophotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 4	Unknown	N/A
Pomacentridae	Chromis enchrysura Jordan & Gilbert, 1882	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 3902 / Fig. 4	AA	LC
Pomacentridae	Chromis scotti Emery, 1968	Mesophotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 4	CS / NB	LC
Syngnathidae	Cosmocampus profundus (Herald, 1965)	Mesophotic	Rhodolith	Stereo-BRUVS	Fig. 4	WA	DD
Labridae	Decodon puellaris (Poey, 1860)	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected	CIUFES 3914 / Fig. 5	WA	LC
Kyphosidae	Kyphosus bigibbus Lacepède, 1801	Euphotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 6	CT	LC
Kyphosidae	Kyphosus cinerascens (Forsskål, 1775)	Euphotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 6	CT	LC
Kyphosidae	Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)	Euphotic	Reef	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 4050 / Fig. 6	CT	LC
Serranidae	Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868)	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 3939 / 3960 / Fig. 5	WA	LC
Serranidae	Pseudogramma gregoryi (Breder, 1927)	Euphotic	Rhodolith	Collected / Photo	CIUFES 4029 / Fig. 6	WA	LC
Serranidae	Tosanoides sp.	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected	CIUFES 3892 / 3893 / 3894 / 3912 / 3913 / 3952	Unknown	N/A
Chaetodontidae	Prognathodes guyanensis (Durand, 1960)	Mesophotic	Reef	Collected / Photo / ROV	CIUFES 3959 / Fig. 4	WA	LC
Lutjanidae	Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828)	Mesophotic	Rhodolith	Stereo-BRUVS	Fig. 4	WA	DD
Scorpaenidae	Scorpaena sp.	Mesophotic	Reef	Photo	Fig. 4	Unknown	N/A
Balistidae	Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789	Mesophotic	Rhodolith	Stereo-BRUVS	Fig. 3	AA / M	VU

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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[1] Edited by

Fernando Gibran