Phylogenetic relationships of the species of <i>Acestridium</i> Haseman, 1911 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

A phylogeny of the species of the loricariid genus Acestridium and relevant outgroups is presented based on a parsimony analysis of 52 unweighted and unordered morphological characters. Acestridium is diagnosed as monophyletic based on the possession of the 17 exclusive synapomorphies. Two primary trees were found, and the strict consensus among those alternative trees resulted in the following relationships: ((A. dichromum + A. triplax)(A. gymnogaster + A. scutatum + (A. discus (A. colombiensis + A. martini)))). Acestridium was found to be sister to Niobichthys with this clade subsequently the sister-group to Oxyropsis + Hypoptopoma.

Authorship

Mónica S. Rodriguez

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Rodovia MG-230 km 7, Caixa Postal 22, 38810-000 Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil. msrodriguezx@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilRio Paranaíba, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus de Rio Paranaíba, Rodovia MG-230 km 7, Caixa Postal 22, 38810-000 Rio Paranaíba, MG, Brazil. msrodriguezx@gmail.com

Maria Laura S. Delapieve

Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Biociências, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (MLSD) laura.delapieve@gmail.com, (RER) reis@pucrs.br (corresponding author)Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilLaboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Biociências, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Caixa Postal 1429, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (MLSD) laura.delapieve@gmail.com, (RER) reis@pucrs.br (corresponding author)

Roberto E. Reis

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Figures | Tables

Figures (11)
Tables (1)

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Fig. 1.
Anterior portion of neurocranium of: a) Otocinclus arnoldi, MCP 25234; b) Oxyropsis wrightiana, MCP 34503; and c) Acestridium discus, MZUSP 85321. CPT = compound pterotic; F = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; ME = mesethmoid; SOC = parieto-supraoccipital; PN = prenasal plate; SP = sphenotic. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

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Fig. 2.
Central portion of neurocranium of: a) Otocinclus batmani, MCP 34087; b) Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, MCP 15744; and c) Acestridium martini, MZUSP 74275. F = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; SP = sphenotic. Dorsal view, anterior towards bottom. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 3.
Central portion of neurocranium of: a) Hypoptopoma spectabile, MCP 41467; b) Acestridium dichromum, ANSP 161494; and c) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. LE = lateral ethmoid; ME = mesethmoid; OS = orbitosphenoid; PS = parasphenoid; V = vomer. Ventral view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 4.
Head skeleton and snout plates of: a) Acestridium discus, MZUSP 85321; and b) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. CP = canal plate; HY = hyomandibula; IO = infraorbital; OP = opercle; PR = postrostral plates; R = rostral plate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

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Fig. 5.
Suspensorium of: a) Hisonotus maculipinnis, MCP 48067; and b) Acestridium dichromum, ANSP 161494. AA = anguloarticular; D = dentary; HY = hyomandibula; MPT = metapterygoid; OP = opercle; POP = preopercle Q = quadrate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 6.
Head skeleton and snout plates of: a) Otocinclus batmani, MCP 34087; b) Niobichthys ferrarisi, MCP 34810; and c) Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, MCP 15744. CP = canal plate; IO = infraorbital; OP = opercle; PR= postrostral plate; R = rostral plate; SOP = subopercular plate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

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Fig. 7.
Lower gill arch and hyoid elements of: a) Oxyropsis wrightiana, MCP 34503; and b) Acestridium martini, MZUSP 74275. AF = accessory flange of first ceratobranchial; AH = anterohyal; CB = ceratobranchial; HH = hypohyal; PH = posterohyal; UH = urohyal. Dorsal view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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Fig. 8.
Spatulate projection of snout of: a) Acestridium triplax, MCP 41746; b) A. discus, MZUSP 85322; and c) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. IO = infraorbital; PR = postrostral plate; R = rostral plate. Ventral view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm. Modified from Reis & Lehmann (2009).

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Fig. 9.
Strict consensus tree depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Acestridium, based on a maximum parsimony analysis of the unordered and unweighted matrix. Primary trees = 2; Length = 92 steps; Consistency Index = 0.75; Retention Index = 0.87. Numbers above each branch are Bremer decay indices.

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Fig. 10.
Two alternative primary trees depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Acestridium.

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Fig. 11.
Geographic distribution of each species of Acestridium by main river basin.

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Table 1.
Character state matrix used for the parsimony analysis. A = 0 and 1. Hyphen = missing data or inapplicable states.

Fig. 1. Anterior portion of neurocranium of: a) Otocinclus arnoldi, MCP 25234; b) Oxyropsis wrightiana, MCP 34503; and c) Acestridium discus, MZUSP 85321. CPT = compound pterotic; F = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; ME = mesethmoid; SOC = parieto-supraoccipital; PN = prenasal plate; SP = sphenotic. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 2. Central portion of neurocranium of: a) Otocinclus batmani, MCP 34087; b) Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, MCP 15744; and c) Acestridium martini, MZUSP 74275. F = frontal; LE = lateral ethmoid; SP = sphenotic. Dorsal view, anterior towards bottom. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3. Central portion of neurocranium of: a) Hypoptopoma spectabile, MCP 41467; b) Acestridium dichromum, ANSP 161494; and c) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. LE = lateral ethmoid; ME = mesethmoid; OS = orbitosphenoid; PS = parasphenoid; V = vomer. Ventral view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 4. Head skeleton and snout plates of: a) Acestridium discus, MZUSP 85321; and b) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. CP = canal plate; HY = hyomandibula; IO = infraorbital; OP = opercle; PR = postrostral plates; R = rostral plate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 5. Suspensorium of: a) Hisonotus maculipinnis, MCP 48067; and b) Acestridium dichromum, ANSP 161494. AA = anguloarticular; D = dentary; HY = hyomandibula; MPT = metapterygoid; OP = opercle; POP = preopercle Q = quadrate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6. Head skeleton and snout plates of: a) Otocinclus batmani, MCP 34087; b) Niobichthys ferrarisi, MCP 34810; and c) Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, MCP 15744. CP = canal plate; IO = infraorbital; OP = opercle; PR= postrostral plate; R = rostral plate; SOP = subopercular plate. Lateral view, left side, anterior to left. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 7. Lower gill arch and hyoid elements of: a) Oxyropsis wrightiana, MCP 34503; and b) Acestridium martini, MZUSP 74275. AF = accessory flange of first ceratobranchial; AH = anterohyal; CB = ceratobranchial; HH = hypohyal; PH = posterohyal; UH = urohyal. Dorsal view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 8. Spatulate projection of snout of: a) Acestridium triplax, MCP 41746; b) A. discus, MZUSP 85322; and c) A. martini, MZUSP 74275. IO = infraorbital; PR = postrostral plate; R = rostral plate. Ventral view, anterior towards top. Scale bar = 1 mm. Modified from Reis & Lehmann (2009).

Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Acestridium, based on a maximum parsimony analysis of the unordered and unweighted matrix. Primary trees = 2; Length = 92 steps; Consistency Index = 0.75; Retention Index = 0.87. Numbers above each branch are Bremer decay indices.

Fig. 10. Two alternative primary trees depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Acestridium.

Fig. 11. Geographic distribution of each species of Acestridium by main river basin.

Table 1. Character state matrix used for the parsimony analysis. A = 0 and 1. Hyphen = missing data or inapplicable states.

Hisonotus maculipinnis 0000-00000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 00

Otocinclus arnoldi 1000-00001 100011-300 1010000001 0000000000 0000000010 01

Otocinclus batmani 1000-00001 100111-300 1010000001 0000000000 0000000010 01

Hypoptopoma spectabile 1011010012 1001101200 1001000001 2000000001 0111100111 00

Hypoptopoma inexspectatum 1011010012 1000101200 1001000000 2-01000001 0111100111 00

Niobichthys ferrarisi 0011010011 100011-110 1001100001 2001000000 0011101121 00

Oxyropsis wrightiana 1001010012 101111-300 1001000001 2001000001 0011101111 00

Acestridium colombiensis 0121122203 011111-311 010111-111 1010011221 1021211221 10

Acestridium dichromum 0121021113 001111-311 0101101110 3101101110 0021211121 10

Acestridium discus 01211211A3 001111-311 0101201111 1000101120 0021211121 10

Acestridium gymnogaster 0121021113 001111-311 0101201111 1010101110 0021201121 10

Acestridium martini 0121122203 011111-311 010111-111 1010011221 1021211221 10

Acestridium scutatum 0121021103 001111-311 0101101111 1010101110 0021101121 10

Acestridium triplax 0121021103 001111-311 0101101110 1101101110 0021101121 10

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Phylogenetic relationships of the species of <i>Acestridium</i> Haseman, 1911 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

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