FIGURE 1 |
Holotype of Paratrygon orinocensis, IAvH-P 11939, adult female, 286 mm DW, from Orinoco river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views.
FIGURE 2 |
Paratypes of Paratrygon orinocensis. IAvH-P 12448, subadult male, 421 mm DW, from Orinoco river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. USNM 233944a, adult female, 420 mm DW, from Orinoco river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 3 |
Paratypes of Paratrygon orinocensis. IAvH-P 11940, juvenile male, 345 mm DW, from Orinoco river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. USNM 233944b, juvenile male, 335 mm DW, from Orinoco river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 4 |
Frontal view of eyes and spiracles of the three species of genus Paratrygon. Paratrygon orinocensis: A. IAvH-P 12449 (paratype), adult male, 573 mm DW, from Orinoco river. B. USNM 233944a (paratype). C. IAvH-P 11939 (holotype). Paratrygon parvaspina: D. IAvH-P 12447 (holotype), adult female, 450 mm DW, from Bita river. E. IAvH-P 12441 (paratype), juvenile female, 225 mm DW, from Tomo river. F. IAvH-P 12446 (paratype), juvenile male, 212 mm DW, from Tomo river. Paratrygon aiereba: G. MPEG uncatalogued, adult male, 578 mm DW, from Marajó island. H. MZUSP 14774, juvenile female, 256 mm DW, from Jutaí river. I. MUSM uncatalogued, juvenile male, 220 mm DW.
FIGURE 5 |
Lateral view of spiracles and spiracles process of Paratrygon orinocensis. A. IAvH-P 12449 (paratype). B. IAvH-P 12448 (paratype). C. IAvH-P 11939 (holotype). D. IAvH-P 11942, juvenile female, 297 mm DW, from Orinoco river. E. IAvH-P 11938, juvenile male, 242 mm DW, from Orinoco river. F. IAvH-P 11941, juvenile female, 248 mm DW, from Orinoco river.
FIGURE 6 |
Upper (above) and lower (below) teeth of Paratrygon orinocensis, IAvH-P 12449 (paratype). Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURE 7 |
Dermal denticles in the central disc of Paratrygon orinocensis. A. dorsal view of dermal denticles of IAvH-P 12448. B. dorsal view of three dermal denticles of MZUSP 117220 (paratype), juvenile male, 299 mm DW, from Apure river, made by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM image). C. dorsal view of one central dermal denticle of MZUSP 117220 (SEM image). D. morphology detail of a central dermal denticle of MZUSP 117220 (SEM image) in dorsal view. E. lateral-dorsal view of one central dermal denticle of MZUSP 117220 (SEM image). F. lateral-dorsal view of one central dermal denticle showing the crown (MZUSP 117220, SEM image). ccp = central coronal plate, cr = crown, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 8 |
Dermal denticles in anterior margin of the disc of Paratrygon orinocensis, MZUSP 117220 (SEM images). A. dorsal view of four dermal denticles. B. morphology detail of one denticle in dorsal view. C. and D. lateral views of anterior margin dermal denticles. ccp = central coronal plate, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 9 |
Posterior margin and tail’s basis dermal denticles of Paratrygon orinocensis, MZUSP 117220 (SEM images). A. dorsal-lateral views of three dermal denticles showing the two morphological types: one more similar with the central disc dermal denticles (left down corner), and other more smiliar with thorns of tail’s dorsal row (right down corner); left above a bud of a denticle. B. morphology detail of one pointed dermal denticle in lateral view. C. and D. lateral views of two dermal denticles. ccp = central coronal plate, lcp = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 10 |
Dorsal row of thorns on the tail of Paratrygon orinocensis. A. dorsal view of USNM 233944a (paratype). B. lateral view of USNM 233944a. C. dorsal view of IAvH-P 11939 (holotype). D. lateral-dorsal view of IAvH-P 11940 (paratype). E. dorsal view of IAvH-P 11943, juvenile female, 372 mm DW, from Orinoco river. F. dorsal view of IAvH-P 11938. G. dorsal view of IAvH-P 12444, juvenile female, 241 mm DW, from Orinoco river. H. dorsal view of ICN uncatalogued specimen, juvenile male, 240 mm DW.
FIGURE 11 |
Dorsal view of caudal sting of Paratrygon orinocensis in six specimens. A. IAvH-P 11939 (holotype). B. IAvH-P 11940 (paratype). C. IAvH-P 11943. D. IAvH-P 12440, juvenile female, 249 mm DW, from Bita river. E. IAvH-P 12443. F. IAvH-P 12444.
FIGURE 12 |
Ventral canals of lateral line system in Paratrygon orinocensis, MZUSP 117220 (paratype). A. distribution of all ventral canals. B. detail of the anterior central disc ventral canals. ang = angular component of hyomandibular canal, HMD = hyomandibular canal, IOC = infraorbital canal, JFC = junction of the four canals, jug = jugular component of hyomandibular canal, MNC = mandibular canal, NAS = nasal canal, nil = nasointernal loop, orb = orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal, pnc = prenasal component of nasal canal, pnl = prenasal loop, pst = posterior subpleural tubules, sbr = subrostral component of supraorbital canal, spc = subpleural component of hyomandibular canal, spl = subpleural loop, SPO = supraorbital canal, spt = subpleural tubule, sub = suborbital component of supraorbital canal, vS = vesicles of Savi.
FIGURE 13 |
Radiographs of neurocranium and mandibular arch of Paratrygon orinocensis, upper views. A. USNM 233944b (paratype). B. MZUSP 117220 (paratype). ANT = antorbital cartilage, DLP = dorsolateral process, FPF = frontoparietal component of fontanelle, FSP = first segment of propterygium, HYO = hyomandibula, IS = internasal septum, LP = lateral process, MC = Meckel’s cartilage, NC = nasal capsule, PCF = precebral component of fontanelle, POP = postorbital process, PQ = palatoquadrate, PRO = propterygium, PRP = preorbital process, RPJ = rostral projection, SOC = supraorbital crest, SP = supraorbital process. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 14 |
Radiographs of synarcual cartilage of Paratrygon orinocensis, upper views. A. USNM 233944b (paratype). B. MZUSP 117220 (paratype). AVC = anterior ventral condyle, DMC = dorsomedial crest, DS = dorsal socket, LS = lateral stay, PVC = posterior ventral condyle, SNC = spinal nerve canal, SNF = spinal nerve foramen. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 15 |
Radiographs of scapulocoracoid of Paratrygon orinocensis, upper views. A. USNM 233944b (paratype). B. MZUSP 117220 (paratype). CB = coracoid bar, DLC = dorsolateral crest, MSC = mesocondyle, MTC = metacondyle, PC = procondyle, SCP = scapular process. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 16 |
Radiographs of basal elements of pectoral fin of Paratrygon orinocensis, USNM 233944b (paratype), upper views. A. propterygium region. B. mesopterygium region. C. metapterygium region. ANT = antorbital cartilage, FSP = first segment of propterygium, JMR = junction of medial radials, MSP = mesopterygium, MTP = metapterygium, PPT = propterygium, PSM = posterior segments of metapterygium, SAS = small articulation surface. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 17 |
Radiographs of pelvic girdle of Paratrygon orinocensis, upper views. A. USNM 233944b (paratype). B. MZUSP 117220 (paratype). IP = iliac process, ISP = ischial process, LPP = lateral prepelvic process, OF = obturator foramen, PB = puboischiadic bar. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 18 |
Distribution of Paratrygon orinocensis throughout Orinoco basin. This species occurs in the mid and lower portion of Orinoco river, and mid portion of Apure river. See Discussion to a more complete discussion about its distribution. Star = holotype specimen (IAvH-P 11939) locality.
FIGURE 19 |
Holotype and paratype of Paratrygon parvaspina. Holotype, IAvH-P 12447, adult female, 450 mm DW, from Bita river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. Paratype, IAvH-P 12441, juvenile female, 255 mm DW, from Tomo river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 20 |
Paratypes of Paratrygon parvaspina. IAvH-P 12446, juvenile male, 212 mm DW, from Tomo river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. MZUSP 117836, juvenile female, 266 mm DW, from Orinoco river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 21 |
Lateral view of spiracles and spiracles process of Paratrygon parvaspina. A. IAvH-P 4684, adult female, 345 mm DW, from Tomo river. B. IAvH-P 12441 (paratype). C. IAvH-P 12446 (paratype). D. MZUSP 117836 (paratype).
FIGURE 22 |
Dermal denticles on the dorsal disc and tail of Paratrygon parvaspina, IAvH-P 12447 (holotype). A. distribution of dermal denticles. B. detail of some thorns with tubercular base on the posterior margin of the disc and tail’s basis. C. detail of basal plates of these tubercular spines. bp = basal plate.
FIGURE 23 |
Dorsal view and details of central disc dermal denticles of Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype) (SEM images). A. and B. dorsal view of some denticles. C. dorsal and D. lateral details of central dermal denticles. ccp = central coronal plate, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 24 |
Dorsal and lateral rows of thorns in Paratrygon parvaspina. A. and B. IAvH-P 12447 (holotype). C. IAvH-P 4684. D. detail of dorsal pointed spines on the tail of IAvH-P 12441 (paratype). E. IAvH-P 12446 (paratype). F. MZUSP 117836 (paratype).
FIGURE 25 |
Dorsal view of caudal stings of Paratrygon parvaspina. A. IAvH-P 4684. B. IAvH-P 12441 (paratype). C. IAvH-P 12446 (paratype). D. MZUSP 117836 (paratype).
FIGURE 26 |
Ventral canals of lateral line system in
Paratrygon parvaspina, IAvH-P 12446 (paratype).
A. distribution of all ventral canals.
B. detail of the anterior central disc ventral canals. Abbreviations see
Fig. 12.
FIGURE 27 |
Radiograph of neurocranium and mandibular arch of
Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype), upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 13. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 28 |
Radiograph of synarcual cartilage of
Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype), upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 14. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 29 |
Radiograph of scapulocoracoid of
Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype), upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 15. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 30 |
Radiographs of basal elements of pectoral fin of
Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype), upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 16. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
A. Propterygium region.
B. Mesopterygium region.
C. Metapterygium region.
FIGURE 31 |
Radiograph of pelvic girdle of
Paratrygon parvaspina, MZUSP 117836 (paratype), upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 17. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 32 |
Distribution of Paratrygon parvaspina throughout Orinoco basin. This species occurs in the mid portion of Orinoco river, and in some tributaries of this portion. Star = holotype specimen (IAvH-P 12447) locality.
FIGURE 33 |
Neotype of Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 117155, adult male, 603 mm DW, from Marajó bay. A. dorsal and B. ventral views.
FIGURE 34 |
Paratrygon aiereba, dorsal view of the specimen MZUSP 104896, adult female, 560 mm DW, from Javari river. Note the concavity in the anterior margin of the disc.
FIGURE 35 |
Lateral view of spiracles and spiracles process of Paratrygon aiereba. A. MPEG uncatalogued, adult female, 786 mm DW, from Marajó island. B. AMNH 59878, subadult male, 383 mm DW, from Itenez river. C. IAvH-P 11929, juvenile male, 366 mm DW, from Putumayo river. D. MNHN A.2269, juvenile male, 285 mm DW, from Solimões river. E. MUSM 1389, neonate female, 204 mm DW. F. MZUSP 101015, neonate female, 150 mm DW, from Breu river.
FIGURE 36 |
Upper teeth of Paratrygon aiereba. A. MZUSP 104895, adult female, 590 mm DW, from Javari river. B. MNHN A.1019, juvenile female, 324 mm DW, from Solimões river. C. MNHN A.2269. Scale bars, A. = 5 mm, B. and C. = 2 mm.
FIGURE 37 |
Upper (above) and lower (below) teeth of Paratrygon aiereba, MNHN A.2269. Scale bars = 2 mm.
FIGURE 38 |
Non-type specimen of Paratrygon aiereba, MPEG uncatalogued, adult female, 786 mm DW, from Marajó island. A. dorsal and B. ventral views.
FIGURE 39 |
Non-types of Paratrygon aiereba. MPEG uncatalogued, adult male, 681 mm DW, from Marajó island. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. MZUSP 104029, juvenile male, 436 mm DW, from Juruá river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 40 |
Non-types of Paratrygon aiereba. IAvH-P 11927, juvenile male, 408 mm DW, from Putumayo river. A. dorsal and B. ventral views. IIAP uncatalogued, juvenile female, 208 mm DW, from Napo river. C. dorsal and D. ventral views.
FIGURE 41 |
Dorsal view of dermal denticles in central disc of Paratrygon aiereba (SEM images). A. INPA 1331, juvenile female, 255 mm DW, from Solimões river. B. MUSM 47105, juvenile male, 214 mm DW, from Uribamba river. C. MZUSP 117831, neonate female, 200 mm DW, from Nanay river.
FIGURE 42 |
FIGURE 42 | Details of dermal denticles in central disc of Paratrygon aiereba (SEM images) in dorsal view. A. MZUSP 103896, adult male, 508 mm DW, from Tapajós river. B. and C. INPA 1331. D. and E. MUSM 47105. F. MZUSP 117831. ccp = central coronal plate, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 43 |
Dermal denticles in the disc margins of Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896 (SEM images). A. dorsal view of anterior margin denticles. B. dorsal view of lateral margin denticles. C. lateral view of posterior margins denticles.
FIGURE 44 |
Details of dermal denticles in the disc margins of Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896 (SEM images). A. dorsal view of anterior margin denticles. B. dorsal and C. lateral detail of lateral margin denticle. D. lateral view of a posterior margin denticle. E. dorsal and F. lateral detail of a thorn in the posterior margin of disc. bp = basal plate, ccp = central coronal plate, cr = crown, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 45 |
Details of dermal denticles and thorns in the tail basis of
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896 (SEM images).
A. dermal denticles and one thorn (right superior corner) in the tail basis of MZUSP 103896.
B. detail of pointed dermal denticles of left superior corner in the
Fig. 45A. image. ccp = central coronal plate, lcr = lateral coronal ridge.
FIGURE 46 |
Dorsal view of dorsal and lateral rows of thorns in Paratrygon aiereba. A. MZUSP 117155 (neotype). B. MUSM 9423, juvenile male, 428 mm DW, from Las Piedras river. C. IAvH-P 11927. D. MUSM 1389, juvenile male, 207 mm DW. E. MZUSP 14772, juvenile female, 221 mm DW, from Ucayali river. F. MZUSP 101015.
FIGURE 47 |
Dorsal view of caudal stings of Paratrygon aiereba. A. MPEG uncatalogued, adult male, 681 mm DW. B. MZUSP 103907, adult male, 606 mm DW, from Tapajós river. C. IAvH-P 11894, juvenile female, 472 mm DW. D. IAvH-P 11937, juvenile male, 280 mm DW, from Putumayo river. E. MNHN A.2289. F. USNM 264005, juvenile male, 184 mm DW, from Tambopata river.
FIGURE 48 |
Ventral canals of lateral line system in
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 117831.
A. distribution of all ventral canals.
B. detail of the anterior central disc ventral canals. Abbreviations see
Fig. 12.
FIGURE 49 |
Neurocranium of Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in dorsal, ventral, lateral, caudal and frontal views (from top to bottom, and from left to right). ACVF = anterior cerebral vein foramen, AOC = antorbital cartilage condyle, AS = articular surface, ELF = endolymphatic foramina, ESAF = efferent spiracular artery foramen, FCF = frontoparietal component of fontanelle, FM = foramen magnum, FPC = foramen of preorbital canal, ICAF = internal carotid artery foramina, HF = hyomandibular facet, IVF = interorbital vein foramen, IS = internasal septum, LC = lateral comissure, NC = nasal capsule, NSC = nasal cartilage, OC = occipital condyle, OFS = orbital fissure, OP = optic pedicel, PCF = precerebral component of fontanelle, PLF = perilymphatic foramina, POP = postorbital process, PRP = preorbital process, RPJ = rostral projection, SOC = supraorbital crest, SP = supraorbital process, II = optic nerve foramen, III = oculomotor nerve foramen, VII = hyomandibular ramus of facial nerve foramen, IX = glossopharyngeal nerve foramen, X = vagus nerve foramen, LbX = lateralis branch of vagus nerve foramen.
FIGURE 50 |
Radiographs of neurocranium and mandibular arch of
Paratrygon aiereba, upper views.
A. ZSM 34500, neonate female, 204 mm DW, from San Martin river.
B. USNM 264005. Abbreviations see
Fig. 13. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimens.
FIGURE 51 |
Mandibular and hyoid archs of
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in frontal and ventral views (from top to bottom). L = Hyomandibular-Meckelian ligament, VLP = ventrolateral process. Other abbreviations see
Fig. 13.
FIGURE 52 |
Synarcual cartilage of
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in dorsal, ventral, lateral, caudal and frontal views (from top to bottom, and from left to right). SLP = small lateral projection. Other abbreviations see
Fig. 14.
FIGURE 53 |
Scapulocoracoid of
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in dorsal and ventral views (from top to bottom). ADF = anterodorsal fenestra, AVF = anteroventral fenestra, PDF = postdorsal fenestra, PVF = postventral fenestra, LEF = lateral external face. Other abbreviations see
Fig. 15.
FIGURE 54 |
Radiograph of scapulocoracoid of
Paratrygon aiereba, ZSM 34500, upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 15. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 55 |
Radiographs of basal elements of pectoral fin of
Paratrygon aiereba, ZSM 34500, upper views. Abbreviations see
Fig. 16. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
A. Propterygium region.
B. Mesopterygium region.
C. Metapterygium region.
FIGURE 56 |
Pelvic girdle and fins of
Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in dorsal and ventral views (from top to bottom). PPP = prepelvic process, SF = small foramen. Other abbreviations see
Fig. 17.
FIGURE 57 |
Radiograph of pelvic girdle of
Paratrygon aiereba, ZSM 34500, upper view. Abbreviations see
Fig. 17. Arrow indicates to the anterior portion of specimen.
FIGURE 58 |
Skeletal elements of right clasper of Paratrygon aiereba, MZUSP 103896, in dorsal, ventral, ventral without dorsal terminal 1 (top, left to right), and (below, left to right) dorsal and ventral views of dorsal terminal 1. AT1 = acessory terminal 1, AX = axial cartilage, B1 = basal 1, B2 = basal 2, β = beta cartilage, DM = dorsal marginal cartilage, DT1 = dorsal terminal 1, DT2 = dorsal terminal 2, VM = ventral marginal cartilage.
FIGURE 59 |
Distribution of the three species of genus Paratrygon throughout the Amazon and Orinoco basins. Paratrygon aiereba (green) is restricted to Amazon basin, and Paratrygon orinocensis (red) and Paratrygon parvaspina (blue) are restricted and sympatric in the Orinoco basin. Star = neotype specimen (MZUSP 117155) locality.
FIGURE 60 |
Maps showing the journey of J. Spix and C. von Martius in the Amazon basin (1819-1820). Above, map modified from the original (from Spix, Martius, 1981). Below, a draft map of South America highlighting the routes of both naturalists. Red = route where both naturalists made together. Green = route made by J. Spix. Blue = route made by C. von Martius.
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
Thumbnail
