Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Arcifa, Marlene S.; Brito, Marcelo F. G.; Agostinho, Angelo A.; Hughes, Robert M.; Vitule, Jean R.S.; Simberloff, Daniel; Olden, Julian D.; Pelicice, Fernando M.

Resumo

As atividades de mineração têm impactado significativamente a ictiofauna de água doce Neotropical, a mais diversa do mundo. Porém, nenhum estudo sistematizou o conhecimento sobre o assunto. Nesta revisão, reunimos informações sobre os principais impactos da mineração de petróleo, ouro, ferro, cobre, e bauxita sobre os ecossistemas aquáticos, com ênfase nos peixes de água doce Neotropicais. As informações obtidas mostram que as atividades de mineração geram diferentes distúrbios, principalmente por meio de petróleo bruto, metais e outros poluentes, erosão e assoreamento, desmatamento e construção de estradas. A mineração resultou em perda direta e indireta de diversidade de peixes de vários corpos d’água Neotropicais. Os impactos negativos sobre a ictiofauna podem alterar a estrutura das comunidades, comprometer cadeias alimentares inteiras, bem como degradar os serviços ecossistêmicos fornecidos pelos peixes de água doce. Particularmente importante é que as atividades de mineração (legais e ilegais) são generalizadas na região Neotropical, e frequentemente estão localizadas dentro ou perto de áreas protegidas. Ações de prevenção e mitigação de impactos, como planos de fiscalização, monitoramento, manejo e restauração, têm sido precárias ou ausentes. Além disso, há forte pressão política para expandir a mineração; se – ou quando – isso acontecer, aumentará o potencial da atividade em diminuir ainda mais a diversidade de peixes de água doce Neotropicais.

Palavras-chave:
Assoreamento; Derramamento de óleo; Desmatamento; Estradas; Mercúrio

[1] Edited-by

Paulo Pompeu

Waterbodies	Country	Year of spill	Amount (liters)	Negative impacts on fish diversity
Andean River to Lake Titicaca	Bolivia	2000	~4,734,642	Yes
Stream to the Barigui and after to the Iguaçu River	Brazil	2000	~4,000,000	Yes
Catatumbo River to Lake Maracaibo	Colombia (effects in Venezuela)	2001	~2,861,771	Possibly
Coatzacoalcos River	Mexico	2004	~794,937	Possibly
Coatzacoalcos River	Mexico	2011	~238,481	Yes
Catatumbo River to Lake Maracaibo	Colombia (effects in Venezuela)	2012	Unknown	Yes
Guarapiche River	Venezuela	2012	~10,175,204 to ~19,078,508	Yes
Coca River	Ecuador (effects in Peru)	2013	~1,825,174	Possibly
Lake - Unknown name	Peru	2014	Unknown	Yes
A tributary of the Marañón River basin	Peru	2014	~254,380	Yes
Stream - Unknown name	Peru	2014	Unknown	Yes
Stream - Unknown name	Brazil	2015	~600	Possibly
Chiriaco and Morona Rivers - 1	Peru	2016	~476,962	Possibly
Chiriaco and Morona Rivers - 2	Peru	2016	Unknown	Possibly
Stream - Unknown name	Peru	2016	Unknown	Possibly
Tepeyac stream and Coatzacoalcos River	Mexico	2018	Unknown	Yes
Streams, Sogamoso and Magdalena Rivers	Colombia	2018	~79,494 to ~87,443	Yes
Coca and Napo Rivers	Ecuador (effects in Peru)	2020	~2,384,809	Yes
Godineau River	Trinidad and Tobago	2020	Unknown	Possibly
Shiripuno River	Ecuador	2020	Unknown	Possibly

Mining	Pollutant	Waterbody	Country	References
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Gold	Mercury	Tartarugalzinho River basin	Brazil	*Bidone et al.* (1997a)**Bidone ED, Castilhos ZC, Santos TJS, Souza TD, Lacerda LD. Fish contamination and human exposure to mercury in Tartarugalzinho River, Amapa State, Northern Amazon, Brazil. A screening approach. Water Air Soil Pollut. 1997a; 97(1–2):9–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02409640 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02409640...
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Gold	Mercury	Upper Maroni River	French Guiana	*Fréry et al.* (2001)**Fréry N, Maury-Brachet R, Maillot E, Deheeger M, De Merona B, Boudou A. Gold-mining activities and mercury contamination of native Amerindian communities in French Guiana: key role of fish in dietary uptake. Environ Health Perspect. 2001; 109(5):449–56. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-1240303 https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.109-1240303...
Gold	Mercury	Lake Titicaca	Peru	*Gammons et al.* (2006)**Gammons CH, Slotton DG, Gerbrandt B, Weight W, Young CA, McNearny RL et al. Mercury concentrations of fish, river water, and sediment in the Río Ramis-Lake Titicaca watershed, Peru. Sci Total Environ. 2006; 368(2-3):637–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.076 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005...
Gold	Mercury	Several waterbodies	French Guiana	*Gentès et al.* (2019)**Gentès S, Coquery M, Vigouroux R, Hanquiez V, Allard L, Maury-Brachet R. Application of the European Water Framework Directive: Identification of reference sites and bioindicator fish species for mercury in tropical freshwater ecosystems (French Guiana). Ecol Indic. 2019; 106:105468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105468 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.1...
Gold	Mercury	Teles Pires River and Cristalino River	Brazil	*Hacon et al.* (2000)**Hacon S, Yokoo E, Valente J, Campos RC, Da Silva VA, De Menezes ACC et al. Exposure to mercury in pregnant women from Alta Floresta – Amazon Basin, Brazil. Environ Res. 2000; 84(3):204–10. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4115 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2000.4115...
Gold	Mercury	Paraguay River basin	Brazil	*Hylander et al.* (2000)**Hylander LD, Pinto FN, Guimaraes JR, Meili M, Oliveira LJ, Silva EDC. Fish mercury concentration in the Alto Pantanal, Brazil: influence of season and water parameters. Sci Total Environ. 2000; 261(1–3):9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00591-X https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00...
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Gold	Various metals	Cassiporé River basin	Brazil	*Lima et al.* (2015)**Lima DPD, Santos C, Silva RDS, Yoshioka ETO, Bezerra RM. Contaminação por metais pesados em peixes e água da bacia do rio Cassiporé, Estado do Amapá, Brasil. Acta Amazonica. 2015; 45(4):405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201403995 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220140...
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Gold	Mercury	Malinowski River	Peru	*Martinez et al.* (2018)**Martinez G, McCord SA, Driscoll CT, Todorova S, Wu S, Araújo JF et al. Mercury contamination in riverine sediments and fish associated with artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Madre de Dios, Peru. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15(8):1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081584 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081584...
Gold	Mercury	French Guiana rivers	French Guiana	*Maury-Brachet et al.* (2020)**Maury-Brachet R, Gentes S, Dassié EP, Feurtet-Mazel A, Vigouroux R, Laperche V et al. Mercury contamination levels in the bioindicator piscivorous fish Hoplias aimara in French Guiana rivers: mapping for risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2020; 27(4):3624–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3983-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3983-...
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Gold	Mercury	Magdalena River	Colombia	Olivero, Solano (1998)Olivero J, Solano B. Mercury in environmental samples from a waterbody contaminated by gold mining in Colombia, South America. Sci Total Environ. 1998; 217(1–2):83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00175-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00...
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Gold	Mercury	Madeira and Paraíba do Sul River basins	Brazil	*Pfeiffer et al.* (1989)Pfeiffer WC, de Lacerda LD, Malm O, Souza CMM, da Silveira EG, Bastos WR. Mercury concentrations in inland waters of gold-mining areas in Rondonia, Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 1989; 87:233–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)90238-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(89)902... ; Pfeiffer et al. (1991)**Pfeiffer WC, Malm O, Souza CMM, de Lacerda LD, Silveira EG, Bastos WR. Mercury in the Madeira River ecosystem, Rondônia, Brazil. Forest Ecol Manag. 1991; 38(3–4):239–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90145-L https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)901...
Gold	Mercury	Tucuruí Reservoir and Moju River	Brazil	Porvari (1995)Porvari P. Mercury levels of fish in Tucurui hydroelectric reservoir and in River Moju in Amazonia, in the state of Para, Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 1995; 175(2):109–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04907-X https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)049...
Gold	Mercury	Iténez River	Bolivia	*Pouilly et al.* (2012Pouilly M, Pérez T, Rejas D, Guzman F, Crespo G, Duprey JL et al. Mercury bioaccumulation patterns in fish from the Iténez river basin, Bolivian Amazon. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2012; 83:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05.018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.05... , 2013)**Pouilly M, Rejas D, Pérez T, Duprey JL, Molina CI, Hubas C, Guimarães JRD. Trophic structure and mercury biomagnification in tropical fish assemblages, Iténez River, Bolivia. PLoS One. 2013; 8(5):e65054. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065054 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.006...
Gold	Mercury	Mutum-Paraná and Madeira Rivers	Brazil	Reuther (1994)Reuther R. Mercury accumulation in sediment and fish from rivers affected by alluvial gold mining in the Brazilian Madeira River basin, Amazon. Environ Monit Assess. 1994; 32(3):239–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00546279 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00546279...
Gold	Mercury	Tapajós River	Brazil	*Santos et al.* (2000Santos LDS, Müller RC, de Sarkis JES, Alves CN, Brabo ES, Santos EO et al. Evaluation of total mercury concentrations in fish consumed in the municipality of Itaituba, Tapajos River Basin, Pará, Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 2000; 261(1–3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00590-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00... , 2002)**Santos EC, Jesus IMD, Câmara VDM, Brabo E, Loureiro ECB, Mascarenhas A et al. Mercury exposure in Munduruku Indians from the community of Sai Cinza, State of Pará, Brazil. Environ Res. 2002; 90(2):98–103. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4389 https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.2002.4389...
Gold	Mercury	Solimões River basin	Brazil	Silva, Lima (2020)Silva SF, Lima MO. Mercury in fish marketed in the Amazon triple frontier and health risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2020; 248:125989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125989 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20...
Gold	Mercury	Solimões River	Brazil	*Silva et al.* (2019)**Silva SF, Oliveira DC, Pereira JPG, Castro SP, Costa BNS, de Oliveira Lima M. Seasonal variation of mercury in commercial fishes of the Amazon Triple Frontier, Western Amazon Basin. Ecol Indic. 2019; 106:105549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105549 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.1...
Gold	Mercury	Madeira River	Brazil	*Soares et al.* (2018)**Soares JM, Gomes JM, Anjos MR, Silveira JN, Custódio FB, Gloria MBA. Mercury in fish from the Madeira River and health risk to Amazonian and riverine populations. Food Res Int. 2018; 109:537–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.04.069 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.0...
Gold	Mercury	Bacajá River	Brazil	*Souza-Araujo et al.* (2016)**Souza-Araujo J, Giarrizzo T, Lima MO, Souza MBG. Mercury and methyl mercury in fishes from Bacaja River (Brazilian Amazon): evidence for bioaccumulation and biomagnification. J Fish Biol. 2016; 89(1):249–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13027 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13027...
Gold	Mercury	Puyango River basin	Ecuador	*Tarras-Wahlberg et al.* (2001)**Tarras-Wahlberg NH, Flachier A, Lane SN, Sangfors O. Environmental impacts and metal exposure of aquatic ecosystems in rivers contaminated by small scale gold mining: the Puyango River basin, southern Ecuador. Sci Total Environ. 2001; 278(1–3):239–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00655-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00...
Gold	Mercury	Tapajós River basin	Brazil	*Uryu et al.* (2001)**Uryu Y, Malm O, Thornton I, Payne I, Cleary D. Mercury contamination of fish and its implications for other wildlife of the Tapajós Basin, Brazilian Amazon. Conserv Biol. 2001; 15(2):438–46.
Iron	Various metals	Doce River	Brazil	*Fernandes et al.* (2016)Fernandes GW, Goulart FF, Ranieri BD, Coelho MS, Dales K, Boesche N et al. Deep into the mud: ecological and socio-economic impacts of the dam breach in Mariana, Brazil. Nat Conserv. 2016; 14(2):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.10.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.10.0... ; Ferreira et al.(2020)Ferreira FF, Freitas MBD, Szinwelski N, Vicente N, Medeiros LCC, Schaefer CEGR et al. Impacts of the Samarco tailing dam collapse on metals and arsenic concentration in freshwater fish muscle from Doce River, Southeastern Brazil. Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2020; 16(5):622–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4289 https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4289... ; Macêdo et al. (2020)Macêdo AKS, Dos Santos KPE, Brighenti LS, Windmöller CC, Barbosa FAR, de Azambuja Ribeiro RIM et al. Histological and molecular changes in gill and liver of fish (Astyanax lacustris Lütken, 1875) exposed to water from the Doce basin after the rupture of a mining tailings dam in Mariana, MG, Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 735:139505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139505 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020... ; Weber et al. (2020)**Weber AA, Sales CF, de Souza Faria F, Melo RMC, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. Effects of metal contamination on liver in two fish species from a highly impacted neotropical river: A case study of the Fundão dam, Brazil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020; 190:110165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.11...
Iron	Various metals	Paraopeba River	Brazil	*Thompson et al.* (2020)Thompson F, Oliveira BC, Cordeiro MC, Mais BP, Rangel TP, Paz P et al. Severe impacts of the Brumadinho dam failure (Minas Gerais, Brazil) on the water quality of the Paraopeba River. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 705:135914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019... ; Vergilio et al. (2020)**Vergilio CS, Lacerda D, Oliveira BCV, Sartori E, Campos GM, Pereira ALS et al. Metal concentrations and biological effects from one of the largest mining disasters in the world (Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Sci Rep. 2020; 10:5936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62700-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62700...

Mining	Decade of collapse	River affected (country)	References
Lead and zinc	1990	Pilcomayo River (Bolivia)	Garcia-Guinea, Harffy (1998)Garcia-Guinea J, Harffy M. Bolivian mining pollution: past, present and future. Ambio. 1998; 27:251–53
Gold	1990	Omai River (Guyana)	Vick (1996)Vick SG. Failure of the Omai tailings dam. Geotechnical News-Vancouver. 1996; 14:34–40.
Bauxite	2000	Murucupi River (Brazil)	*Silva et al. (2012)*Silva CS, Pereira SFP, Santos DC, Miranda RG, Rocha RM, Oliveira GR et al. The statistical application on assessment of the balance environmental restoration of the river Murucupi – Barcarena – PA –After the release of red mud. Proceed Safety Health Environment World Congress. 2012; 12:59–63.
Iron	2010	Doce River (Brazil)	*Fernandes et al. (2016)*Fernandes GW, Goulart FF, Ranieri BD, Coelho MS, Dales K, Boesche N et al. Deep into the mud: ecological and socio-economic impacts of the dam breach in Mariana, Brazil. Nat Conserv. 2016; 14(2):35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.10.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2016.10.0...
Iron	2010	Paraopeba River (Brazil)	*Cionek et al. (2019)Cionek VM, Alves GHZ, Tófoli RM, Rodrigues-Filho JL, Dias RM. Brazil in the mud again: lessons not learned from Mariana dam collapse. Biodivers Conserv. 2019; 28:1935–938. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01762-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01762... ; Thompson et al. (2020)Thompson F, Oliveira BC, Cordeiro MC, Mais BP, Rangel TP, Paz P et al. Severe impacts of the Brumadinho dam failure (Minas Gerais, Brazil) on the water quality of the Paraopeba River. Sci Total Environ. 2020; 705:135914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019... ; Vergilio et al. (2020)*Vergilio CS, Lacerda D, Oliveira BCV, Sartori E, Campos GM, Pereira ALS et al. Metal concentrations and biological effects from one of the largest mining disasters in the world (Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil). Sci Rep. 2020; 10:5936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62700-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62700...

Waterbodies	Country	Year of spill	Amount (liters)	Negative impacts on fish diversity
Bambana River	Nicaragua	1978	Unknown	Possibly
Omai and Essequibo Rivers	Guyana	1995	~1,230,258,830 to ~3,000,000,000	Yes
Several waterbodies	Panama	1998	Unknown	Possibly
Lara River	Honduras	2003	Unknown	Yes
Lara River	Honduras	2009	~568	Yes
San Sebastián River	El Salvador	Unknown	Unknown	Possibly
Puyango-Tumbes River	Ecuador	Unknown	Unknown	Possibly
Tributary of Velhas River	Brazil	2011	Unknown	Yes
Several waterbodies	Argentina	2015	1,000,000	Possibly
Piaxtla River	Mexico	2018	200	Yes
Tapajós River	Brazil	2018	Unknown	Possibly

Siltation reason	Disturbance	Country	References
Pasture	Decrease of the integrity of fish assemblages	Brazil	Casatti (2004)Casatti L. Ichthyofauna of two streams (silted and reference) in the upper Paraná River basin, southeastern Brazil. Braz J Biol. 2004; 64(4):757–65. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842004000500004 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-6984200400...
Agriculture	Affect negatively the functional diversity	Brazil	*Dala-Corte et al. (2016)*Dala-Corte RB, Giam X, Olden JD, Becker FG, Guimarães TF, Melo AS. Revealing the pathways by which agricultural land-use affects stream fish communities in South Brazilian grasslands. Freshw Biol. 2016; 61(11):1921–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12825 https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12825...
Mining	Decrease in fish diversity	Brazil	Lin, Caramaschi (2005)Lin DSC, Caramaschi EP. Responses of the fish community to the flood pulse and siltation in a floodplain lake of the Trombetas River, Brazil. Hydrobiologia. 2005; 545:75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-2186-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-2186-...
Mining	Reduction of fish diversity	Suriname	Mol, Ouboter (2004)Mol JH, Ouboter PE. Downstream effects of erosion from small-scale gold mining on the instream habitat and fish community of a small Neotropical rainforest stream. Conserv Biol. 2004; 18(1):201–14. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3589131 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3589131...

Deforestation type	Disturbance	Country	References
Agriculture and pasture	Changes in density	Ecuador	Bojsen, Barriga (2002)Bojsen BH, Barriga R. Effects of deforestation on fish community structure in Ecuadorian Amazon streams. Freshw Biol. 2002; 47(11):2246–260. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00956.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002...
Pasture	"Negative threshold responses"	Brazil	*Brejão et al. (2018)*Brejão GL, Hoeinghaus DJ, Pérez-Mayorga MA, Ferraz SFB, Casatti L. Threshold responses of Amazonian stream fishes to timing and extent of deforestation. Conserv Biol. 2018; 32(4):860–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13061 https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13061...
Pasture and agriculture	Alterations in both taxonomic and functional features	Brazil	*Casatti et al. (2012)*Casatti L, Teresa FB, Gonçalves-Souza T, Bessa E, Manzotti AR, Gonçalves CS, Zeni JO. From forests to cattail: how does the riparian zone influence stream fish? Neotrop Ichthyol. 2012; 10(1):205–14. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252012000100020 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-6225201200...
Pasture	Changes in species composition	Brazil	*Costa et al. (2020)*Costa ID, Petry AC, Mazzoni R. Fish assemblages respond to forest cover in small Amazonian basins. Limnologica. 2020; 81:125757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2020.125757 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2020.125...
Pasture and agriculture	Alterations in the size of fishes	Brazil	*Ilha et al. (2018)*Ilha P, Schiesari L, Yanagawa FI, Jankowski K, Navas CA. Deforestation and stream warming affect body size of Amazonian fishes. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13(5):e0196560. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196560 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019...
Agriculture	Increase of abundance of some species	Brazil	*Ilha et al. (2019)*Ilha P, Rosso S, Schiesari L. Effects of deforestation on headwater stream fish assemblages in the Upper Xingu River Basin, Southeastern Amazonia. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2019; 17(1):e180099. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20180099 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-201800...
Agriculture	Change in functional composition	Brazil	*Leitão et al. (2018)*Leitão RP, Zuanon J, Mouillot D, Leal CG, Hughes RM, Kaufmann PR et al. Disentangling the pathways of land use impacts on the functional structure of fish assemblages in Amazon streams. Ecography. 2018; 41:219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02845 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02845...
Pasture and grassland	“Functional changes”	Brazil	*Lobón-Cerviá et al. (2016)*Lobón-Cerviá J, Mazzoni R, Rezende CF. Effects of riparian forest removal on the trophic dynamics of a Neotropical stream fish assemblage. J Fish Biol. 2016; 89(1):50–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12973 https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.12973...
Pasture	Changes in abundance	Costa Rica	Lorion, Kennedy (2009)Lorion CM, Kennedy BP. Riparian forest buffers mitigate the effects of deforestation on fish assemblages in tropical headwater streams. Ecol Appl. 2009; 19(2):468–79. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0050.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0050.1...
Pasture	Change in functional groups	Brazil	*Teresa et al. (2015)*Teresa FB, Casatti L, Cianciaruso MV. Functional differentiation between fish assemblages from forested and deforested streams. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2015; 13(2):361–70. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20130229 https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-201302...
Pasture	Changes in richness and abundance	Brazil	*Virgilio et al. (2018)*Virgilio LR, Ramalho WP, Silva JCB, Susçuarana MS, Brito CH, Soares LJ. Does riparian vegetation affect fish assemblage? A longitudinal gradient analysis in three Amazonian streams. Acta Sci Biol Sci. 2018; 40:e42562. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.42562 https://doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v...

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Negative impacts of mining on Neotropical freshwater fishes

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