Genetic diversity in two threatened species of guitarfish (Elasmobranchii: Rhinobatidae) from the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts: an alert for conservation

Cruz, Vanessa P.; Adachi, Aisni M.C. L.; Oliveira, Pablo H.; Ribeiro, Giovana S.; Paim, Fabilene G.; Souza, Bruno C.; Rodrigues, Alexandre S.F.; Vianna, Marcelo; Delpiani, Sergio M.; Díaz de Astarloa, Juan Martín; Rotundo, Matheus M.; Mendonça, Fernando F.; Oliveira, Claudio; Lessa, Rosangela P.; Foresti, Fausto

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0012

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Original article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 19 (02) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0012 copy

Genetic diversity in two threatened species of guitarfish (Elasmobranchii: Rhinobatidae) from the Brazilian and Argentinian coasts: an alert for conservation

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Abstract

The guitarfishes Pseudobatos horkelii and Pseudobatos percellens meet the criteria for threatened status as Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN), respectively. Both species occur in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Considering the lack of data on the genetic structure of these species, the present study evaluated the genetic variability and population structure of the P. horkelii and P. percellens in the southern region of Brazil and the northern coast of Argentina, based on sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Control Region (D-loop). Samples of P. horkelii (n = 135) were analyzed in six localities situated in Northern Argentina, along the Brazilian states’ coast. The mean of nucleotide diversity was 0.0053, the Φ_ST was 0.4277 and demographic analysis of P. horkelii suggests the existence of stability of the populations, with D = 0.9929, F_S = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. In P. percellens (n = 101) were analyzed from six Brazilian localities along the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.0014 and Φ_ST value of 0.2921, the demographic analysis indicates a high migration rate of P. percellens among the localities evaluated, with D = 0.5222, F_S = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.

Keywords:
D-loop; Endangered species; Populations; Pseudobatos horkelii; Pseudobatos percellens

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Toby Daly-Engel

Species	Haplotypes	Position										Sampling location
Pseudobatos horkelii		1	1	2	3	3	3	3	4	5	6	AR	RS	SC	PR	SP3	RJ	Total
		4	9	4	0	5	6	7	1	0	4	(12)	(41)	(22)	(16)	(20)	(24)	(135)
		9	3	0	6	3	6	9	5	7	3
	Ph 1	A	C	A	C	A	A	G	A	T	G	2	6	0	0	5	0	13
	Ph 2	G	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	0	2	0	0	0	0	2
	Ph 3	.	.	.	.	G	G	.	.	.	.	0	3	0	8	0	0	11
	Ph 4	G	.	.	.	.	G	.	.	.	.	0	2	0	0	0	0	2
	Ph 5	G	.	.	.	G	.	.	.	.	.	0	3	0	0	0	0	3
	Ph 6	G	.	.	.	G	G	.	.	.	.	2	4	7	0	0	0	13
	Ph 7	.	.	.	.	.	G	.	.	.	.	8	6	0	0	0	1	15
	Ph 8	.	.	T	.	.	G	.	.	.	.	0	5	0	0	0	16	21
	Ph 9	.	.	T	.	.	G	.	T	.	.	0	0	0	0	0	3	3
	Ph 10	.	.	T	.	.	G	C	T	.	.	0	0	0	0	0	3	3
	Ph 11	.	.	.	.	.	G	.	T	.	.	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
	Ph 12	G	T	.	T	.	.	.	.	C	A	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
	Ph 13	G	T	.	T	.	.	.	T	C	A	0	9	0	0	11	3	23
	Ph 14	G	T	.	.	G	G	.	.	C	A	0	0	7	8	0	0	15
	Ph 15	G	T	.	.	G	G	C	T	C	A	0	0	5	0	0	0	5
	Ph 16	G	T	.	.	G	G	.	T	C	A	0	0	3	0	0	0	3
Pseudobatos percellens		7	2	4	4	4	4						SC	PR	SP1	SP2	SP3	Total
		5	7	1	5	5	8						(19)	(25)	(16)	(12)	(29)	(101)
			3	9	8	9	3
	Pp 1	T	C	T	T	C	T						8	23	7	8	15	61
	Pp 2	.	.	A	.	T	.						8	0	0	0	0	8
	Pp3	.	.	.	C	.	.						0	2	0	0	0	2
	Pp 4	.	.	.	.	.	A						0	0	0	4	9	13
	Pp 5	G	.	.	.	.	A						0	0	0	0	2	2
	Pp 6	.	T	.	.	.	.						0	0	0	0	2	2
	Pp 7	G	T	.	.	.	.						0	0	2	0	0	2
	Pp 8	G	.	.	.	.	.						3	0	7	0	1	11

Specie	Locality	Code	S	H	H_d	π	K
P. horkelii	Mar del Plata, Argentina	AR	3	3	0.5455+/-0.1436	0.0013+/-0.0006	0.9090+/-0.6760
	Torrinha, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil	RS	9	10	0.8902+/-0.0214	0.0043+/-0.0018	3.0756+/-1.6323
	Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil	SC	5	4	0.7619+/-0.0401	0.0031+/-0.0015	2.2164+/-1.2710
	Pontal do Paraná, Brazil	PR	4	2	0.5333+/-0.0456	0.0030+/-0.0015	2.1333+/-1.2514
	Santos, São Paulo, Brazil	SP3	6	3	0.6263+/-0.0787	0.0032+/-0.0009	2.3105+/-1.3195
	Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	RJ	9	5	0.5540 +/-0.1104	0.0029+/-0.0010	2.0326+/-1.1830
P. percellens	Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil	SC	3	3	0.6550 +/- 0.0566	0.0020+/-0.0009	1.3099 +/-0.8546
	Paraná, Brazil	PR	1	2	0.1533 +/- 0.0915	0.0002+/-0.0000	0.1533 +/-0.2217
	Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil	SP1	2	3	0.6417 +/- 0.0670	0.0011+/-0.0004	0.7583 +/-0.5874
	Mongaguá, São Paulo, Brazil	SP2	1	2	0.4848 +/- 0.1059	0.0007+/-0.0000	0.4848 +/-0.4475
	Santos, São Paulo, Brazil	SP3	3	5	0.6578 +/- 0.0663	0.0012+/-0.0005	0.8128 +/-0.6014

Species		Source of variation	Degrees of freedom	Sum of squares	Variance component	Percentage of variation	Fixation index	P value
P. horkelii	All sampling areas	Among groups	5	101.083	0.87547	42.77	0.4277	0.0000±0.0000
	All sampling areas	Within groups	129	151.110	1.1713	57.23	-
	northern AR + southern BRA vs southeastern BRA	Among groups	1	3.605	0.0056	1.18	0.2576	0.0000±0.0000
		Among populations within groups	4	11.641	0.1210	25.46	0.2664	0.0000±0.0000
		Within population	129	45.005	0.3488	73.36	0.0118	0.3167±0.0153
P. percellens	All sampling areas	Among groups	4	12.716	0.1434	29.22	0.29218	0.0000±0.0000
	All sampling areas	Within groups	96	33.363	0.3475	70.78	-
	southern BRA vs southeastern BRA	Among groups	1	1.587	-0.0015	-0.48	0.2011	0.0000±0.0000
		Among populations within groups	3	4.348	0.0636	20.21	0.1972	0.0000±0.0000
		Within populations	96	24.283	0.2529	80.27	-0.0048	0.4975±0.0157