BRAZILIAN FEMALE ARTISTS AND THE MARKET: A Very Unique Encounter

ANA PAULA CAVALCANTI SIMIONI

Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. anapcs@usp.br

BRUNA FETTER

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. brunafetter@gmail.com

ANA PAULA CAVALCANTI SIMIONI is a professor in the Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros [Institute of Brazilian Studies] at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP). She is the author of Profissão artista: pintoras e escultoras acadêmicas brasileiras, 1884‑1922 [The Artist’s Profession: Brazilian Female Academic Painters and Sculptors, 1884‑1922] (2008), amongst other books, book chapters and journal articles on the relationships between art and gender in Brazil. She was the curator, with Elaine Dias, of the exhibition “Mulheres Artistas: As Pioneiras, 1880‑1930” [“Female Artists: The Pioneers, 1880‑1930”], at the Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (2015).She is responsible in this article for collating Brazilian data with international analysis.

BRUNA FETTER is completing a doctorate in art history, theory and criticism in the Post‑graduate Programme in Visual Arts at the Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). She has curated the exhibitions “Da Matéria Sensível: Afeto e Forma no Acervo do MAC/RS” [“From Sensitive Material: Affect and Form in the Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art of Rio Grande do Sul”] (Porto Alegre, 2014), “O Sétimo Continente” [“The Seventh Continent”] (Zipper Galeria, São Paulo, 2014) and “Lugar Qualquer” [“Any Place”] (Casa Triângulo, São Paulo, 2013). She was cocurator of the exhibitions “Mutatis Mutandis”, with Bernardo de Souza (Largo das Artes, Rio de Janeiro, 2013), and “Cuidadosamente Através” [“Carefully Through”], with Angélica de Moraes (Centro Cultural da Funarte, São Paulo, 2012).She is responsible in this article for collecting data about female artists participation in Brazilian art market.

Year	No. of women in the ranking (out of 100)	Highest position achieved by a woman in the ranking	No. of female artists among the top 25
1970	7	35^th Bridget Riley	-
1973	6	45^th Bridget Riley	-
1976	6.5 (1 coproduces works with her husband)	47^th Bridget Riley	-
1981	5.5	43^rd Hanne Darboven	-
1986	3.5	45^th Hanne Darboven	-
1988	8	48^th Jenny Holzer	-
1990	10	42^nd Jenny Holzer	-
1993	12.5	10^th Jenny Holzer	3: Rosemarie Trockel (17); Cindy Sherman (22)
1995	16	9^th Rosemarie Trockel	4: Cindy Sherman (11); Jenny Holzer (13); Jeanne-Claude and Christo (19)
1997	18 (3 produce works in partnerships)	4^th Cindy Sherman	3: Rosemarie Trockel (7); Jenny Holzer (19)
2000	20	4^th Rosemarie Trockel	4: Pipilotti Rist (5); Cindy Sherman (6); Louise Bourgeois (8)
2003	21	4^th Rosemarie Trockel	4: Louise Bourgeois (5); Cindy Sherman (6); Pipilotti Rist (11)
2007	23	4^th Rosemarie Trockel	4: Louise Bourgeois (5); Cindy Sherman (6); Pipilotti Rist (19)
2009	30.5	13^th Louise Bourgeois	3: Kara Walker (18); Isa Genzken (19)
2010	23.5	5^th Louise Bourgeois	4: Cindy Sherman (6); Rosemarie Trockel (8); Pipilotti Rist (19)
2011	22.5	4^th Cindy Sherman	4: Rosemarie Trockel (6); Pipilotti Rist (17); Jeanne-Claude and Christo (20)
2012	22.5	4^th Rosemarie Trockel	4: Cindy Sherman (6); Pipilotti Rist (17); Jeanne-Claude and Christo (20)

Rank 2014	Artist	Volume of business at auction	Number of lots sold	Maximum hammer price
65	Vik Muniz (1961)	€ 3,449,263	122	€ 125,170
94	Beatriz Milhazes (1960)	€ 2,323,406	10	€ 1,373,240
166	Adriana Varejão (1964)	€ 1,085,694	3	€ 524,664
280	Osgemeos (1974)	€ 521,565	10	€ 330,820
305	Cildo Meireles (1948)	€ 467,883	17	€ 164,076

	Artist	Sale price (US$)	Place	Type of auction	Date
1	Adriana Varejão	1,527,450	Christie’s, London	Contemporary Art Sales	2/16/2011
2	Sergio Camargo	1,350,000	Sotheby’s, New York	Latin American Sales	11/8/2009
3	Beatriz Milhazes	957,000	Phillips de Pury, London	Contemporary Art Sales	6/27/2011
4	Lygia Clark	469,700	Phillips de Pury, London	BRIC Sales	4/23/2010
5	Cildo Meireles	430,000	Sotheby’s, New York	Latin American Sales	5/25/2011
6	Hélio Oiticica	300,000	Christie’s, New York	Latin American Sales	11/17/2010
7	Mira Schendel	240,000	Christie’s, New York	Latin American Sales	2005
8	Vik Muniz	220,000	Sotheby’s, New York	Contemporary Art Sales	11/12/2009
9	Saint Clair Cemin	80,000	Christie’s, New York	Latin American Sales	2004
10	Lygia Pape	70,000	Christie’s, New York	Latin American Sales	5/28/2009
11	Waltercio Caldas	55,000	Christie’s, New York	Latin American Sales	6/2/2000

Artist	Value of sale (US$)⁶ 6 Table produced on the basis of information from the Artprice database, available at www.artprice.com (last accessed on 18 Aug. 2014). Sale price (hammer price) and price including auctioneer’s commission and tax.	Final price (US$)	Place	Date
Lygia Clark	1,850,000	2,225,000	Phillips, New York	5/23/2013
Sergio Camargo	1,800,000	2,165,000	Sotheby’s, New York	11/20/2013
Beatriz Milhazes	1,800,000	2,098,500	Sotheby’s, New York	11/4/2012
Adriana Varejão	1,527,980	1,777,684	Christie’s, London	2/16/2011
Tarsila do Amaral	—	1,300,000	Christie’s, New York	11/20/1995
Mira Schendel	700,000	845,000	Sotheby’s, New York	5/28/2014

Collection	Period of coverage	Public or private	Overall number of artists represented	Number of female artists in the collection	Relative number
Freitas Valle	19th century and early 20th century (Academicism)	Private (part of Pesp)	113 (circa)	7	6.19 %
Mário de Andrade	1910-1945 (Modernism)	Public (incorporated into the USP in 1968)	135	22	16.29 %
Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (Pesp)	19th century to Contemporary (Academicism, Modernism and Contemporary)	Public	1,588	321 (circa)	20.21%
Museu de Arte Contemporânea (MAC/USP)⁹ 9 In the case of the MAC, the conceptual art works in the collection were not included in the calculations, since there would be cases of duplication. Also calculated as a single work were cases where female artists appear sometimes as the creators of collective works, sometimes of individual works.	1920-2014 (Modernism and Contemporary)	Public	655 (circa)*	184	28.09%
Instituto Inhotim	Contemporary	Private	99	22	22.22%

Brasil