This study aims to provide clarity on the potential of graphene in real-life coatings applications and can be viewed as guidelines for graphene end users. To illustrate this, examples of different industrial applications are presented, where graphene-based additives demonstrate a significant impact on corrosion resistance. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms behind these new products are elucidated.
Keywords:
Graphene; corrosion; coating; composite
| Basic properties | Graphene | Other material |
|---|---|---|
| Young’s modulus | 1100 GPa | 250 GPa (Steel) |
| Electrical conductivity | 100 MS.m-1 | 60 MS.m-1 (Copper) |
| Thermal conductivity | 5000 W.m-1.K-1 | 2200 W.m-1.K-1 (Diamond) |
| Name | Layer number | Thickness | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Few-Layer Graphene | 2 – 5 | - |
2222 Bianco A, Cheng H-M, Enoki T, Gogotsi Y, Hurt RH, Koratkar N, et al. All in the graphene family – A recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon. 2013;65:1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.... ,2323 Kumar V, Kumar A, Lee D-J, Park S-S. Estimation of number of graphene layers using different methods: a focused review. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(16):4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164590. PMid:34443113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164590... |
| Few-Layer Graphene | 2 – 10 | - |
2424 Wick P, Louw-Gaume AE, Kucki M, Krug HF, Kostarelos K, Fadeel B, et al. Classification framework for graphene‐based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53(30):7714-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403335... |
| Few-Layer Graphene | 5 – 10 | - |
2525 Pershin VF, Krasnyanskiy MN, Alhilo ZAA, Al-Mashhadani AMR, Baranov AA, Osipov AA. Production of few-layer and multilayer graphene by shearing exfoliation of graphite in liquids. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;693:012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/693/1/012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/693/... |
| Multilayer Graphene | 2 – 10 | - |
2222 Bianco A, Cheng H-M, Enoki T, Gogotsi Y, Hurt RH, Koratkar N, et al. All in the graphene family – A recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon. 2013;65:1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.... ,2323 Kumar V, Kumar A, Lee D-J, Park S-S. Estimation of number of graphene layers using different methods: a focused review. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(16):4590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164590. PMid:34443113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164590... ,2626 Salesa B, Tuñón-Molina A, Cano-Vicent A, Assis M, Andrés J, Serrano-Aroca A. Graphene nanoplatelets: in vivo and in vitro toxicity, cell proliferative activity, and cell gene expression. Appl Sci (Basel). 2022;12(2):720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020720... |
| Multilayer Graphene | 20 – 30 | - |
2525 Pershin VF, Krasnyanskiy MN, Alhilo ZAA, Al-Mashhadani AMR, Baranov AA, Osipov AA. Production of few-layer and multilayer graphene by shearing exfoliation of graphite in liquids. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2019;693:012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/693/1/012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/693/... |
| Multilayer Graphene | >10 | - |
2727 Kumar D, Singh K, Verma V, Bhatti HS. Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of graphene nanoplatelets. Appl Nanosci. 2016;6(1):97-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0415-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-041... |
| Graphene Nanoplatelets | >10 | - |
2222 Bianco A, Cheng H-M, Enoki T, Gogotsi Y, Hurt RH, Koratkar N, et al. All in the graphene family – A recommended nomenclature for two-dimensional carbon materials. Carbon. 2013;65:1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.08.038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.... ,2727 Kumar D, Singh K, Verma V, Bhatti HS. Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of graphene nanoplatelets. Appl Nanosci. 2016;6(1):97-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-0415-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13204-015-041... ,2828 Wang J, Zhao C, Mark LH, Wang X, Li R, Moghimian N, et al. Facilitating supercritical CO2 assisted exfoliation of graphene nanoplatelets with the polymer matrix. Chem Eng J. 2020;394:124930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124... |
| Graphene Nanoplatelets | 10 - 30 | - |
2929 Nieto A, Lahiri D, Agarwal A. Synthesis and properties of bulk graphene nanoplatelets consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Carbon. 2012;50(11):2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.... |
| Graphene Nanoplatelets | - | 0,34 – 100nm |
3030 Cataldi P, Athanassiou A, Bayer IS. Graphene nanoplatelets-based advanced materials and recent progress in sustainable applications. Appl Sci (Basel). 2018;8(9):1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091438... |
| Graphene Nanosheets | >10 | < 100nm |
2424 Wick P, Louw-Gaume AE, Kucki M, Krug HF, Kostarelos K, Fadeel B, et al. Classification framework for graphene‐based materials. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2014;53(30):7714-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403335... |
| Layer number | Price Index |
|---|---|
| 1 - 2 | 105 |
| >8 | 1 |
| Interaction type | Bonding energy (kJ.mol-1) |
|---|---|
| π-π stacking | 8 – 12 |
| Typical Van der Walls | 2 – 4 |
| Time for the first blistering to show up (h) | |
|---|---|
| Reference | 1600 |
| Graphene (0.05 wt. %) | 2100 |
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