MANAGEMENT OF CHILD CAMPS: A STRUCTURED LITERATURE REVIEW AND NEW DIRECTIONS

Sousa, Marisa; Gonçalves, Celina; Biscaia, Rui; Carvalho, Maria José

doi:10.22456/1982-8918.123548

Marisa Sousa

University of Porto, Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Porto, Portugal

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-045X

Celina Gonçalves

Maia University - ISMAI, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança & CIDESD, Portugal

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-549X

Rui Biscaia

University of Bath, Department for Health, Bath, United Kingdom

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2752-4317

Maria José Carvalho

University of Porto, Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Porto, Portugal

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4975-0115

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

Marisa Sousa: Conducted research planning and its execution. She collected, analyzed, and processed the data, as well as wrote the article and improved it. Celina Gonçalves: One of the supervisors of the work supported the planning of the study, guided the collection and processing of data.

Rui Biscaia: One of the supervisors of the work supported the study planning, writing, development, and improvement of the article.

Maria José Carvalho: Work advisor, support the study planning and collaborated in the improvement and writing of the article.

Figures (2)
Tables (5)

Thumbnail

Figure 1
Number of studies per type of camp and year of publication.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Research strategy - Flow Chart.

Thumbnail

Table 1
Management categories from content analysis.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Terms applied in child camps articles

Thumbnail

Table 3
Management categories in child camps.

Thumbnail

Study Management Area Type Nature Terminology used Location Sample Instruments Variables Limitations Chang et al., 2017 Safety Primary Quantitative Summer Camp USA and Canada 169 camps Questionnaire Disaster preparedness. Sample selection bias.Background influence respondents’ perspectives.Inadequate type of questions to respondents to quantify food and water reserves.Results do not reflect the feasibility of camps’ disaster plans or available online plans for parents.Miss to identify possible causes to the failures. Miller; Barth, 2016 Safety Primary Quantitative Boy Scout Summer Camp USA 1586 participants Logbooks Visits to health center. Sample limited to one camp and only included treatments in centre.Findings not generalized.Data limited to logbook format.Cause of injuries not explained. Monk; Deutsch, 2016 Safety Conceptual Sports Camps USA N/A N/A Risk Management PlanAthletic TrainersBackground ChecksFacilities/EquipmentSupervisionCamp RulesAppropriate Activities Only sports camps.Recommendations not generalizable.No empirical analysis the proposed model. Papageorgiou; Mavromatis; Kosta, 2006 Safety Primary Quantitative Summer Camp Greece 726 documents Registration form: Students Injury and Incident Reports for Use in Swedish School Injury Classes Results do not explain why the injuries occurred.Participant’s characteristics not considered in examining the injuries. Powell; Fields, 2002 Safety Primary Quantitative Summer Camp USA Documents: 119 published decisions in a legal databaseStaff: 102 camp professionals Documents: legal databaseRisk Management Perspective Inventory (survey) Published Legal Cases.Camp professionals' perceptions of risk management. Only legal cases in the U.S. Only published cases discussed.Non-representative sample.Perceptions rather than behaviours Robinson et al., 2019 Safety Primary Quantitative Summer Camp USA Staff: 108 Questionnaire Comfort level in managing concussion.Use of concussion protocols.Willingness to use a concussion protocol.Practice in managing concussion in camp. Respondent bias. Influenced of pre-written answer choices in providers’ decision.Miss to understand the cause of staff discomfort. Alexandris; Kouthouris, 2005 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Children’s summer camps Greece Participants: 453 Questionnaire Incentives for camp participation.Satisfaction.Loyalty Word-of-mouth. Parent’s decision-making not considered. Jones, 2005 Consumer behaviour Primary Qualitative Summer Soccer camp USA Participants: 100 Questionnaire Things that children enjoyed in camp. Only pilot studyResults not generalizable.Sample limited to participants. Kotíková; Schwartzhoffová, 2016 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Children’s summer camps Czech Republic Participants: 497 Questionnaire Participation.Number of camps attended.Decision makersSource of information.Type of camp.Focus.Organizer.Camp length.Price.Accommodation.Satisfaction. Pilot studyData not representative of the target group.Sample limited to participants Kwok; Fowler; Yuan, 2010 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Summer Camp USA Participants 58 Questionnaire SatisfactionFuture Intentions Small sample size.Lack of theoretical contributions.Results do not explain the “how” and “why” of events.Sample limited to participants. Omelan et al., 2018 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Summer Camp Poland Participants: 100Camp Directors: 2 Questionnaire Interviews ParticipantsRecreational options.Participation.Frequency of participation.Reasons for participation.Who chooses the camp?Important factors in camp choice.Popular types of camps.Willingness to revisit.Reason for wanting to revisit.Camp DirectorsImportant features to achieve participants satisfaction. Results of travel agents’ interviews not presented.Sample limited to participants. Walsh; Green; Cottingham, 2017 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Youth Sport Camps USA Parents: 70 Questionnaire Team identification.Brand attitudes.Organizational satisfaction. Small sample size.Limited to programmes of NBA teams.Sample limited to parents. Lehto et al., 2020 Consumer behaviour Primary Quantitative Oversea summer camp China Parents : 234 Quantitative:Questionnaire Push Factors: Social; Personal; Educational; and Cultural Benefits. Pull Factors: Summer camp destination: Educational Resources; Supporting Facilities and Services; Destination Attractions.Summer camp programs: Program Structure; Staff Quality; Program Image; Accommodation and Dining.Overall perceived attractiveness of summer camps Small sample size compared with the larger sample size available.Sample limited to parents. Dubin et al., 2020 Human Resources Primary Qualitative Summer Camp USA Staff: 29 camp health care professionals. Interview Workplace fatigue.Outcomes of workplace fatigue.Strategies to mitigate workplace fatigue. Convenience sample.Possible recall and self-report bias in data collection process. Sample not representative of nurses and directors at all camps. Ko et al., 2012 Human Resources Primary Quantitative Summer Camp Canada Staff: 169 camp employees Questionnaire Exposure to Aggression.Burnout. Pioneering study on exposure to aggression, thus there was no previous data available for comparison.Sample size: staff who responded only represented a proportion of all summer camp staff.The cross-sectional nature of the study does not infer causality. Lyons, 2003 Human Resources Primary Qualitative Summer Camp USA Staff: 1 Camp Director and 12 counsellors. Interview and observations. Camp DirectorHistorical overview of the camp.Personal philosophy about the camp. Goals and objectives for counsellor orientation.Practices planned to achieve the objectives.CouncellorsReflexion about orientation.Interactions, routines, and traditions experienced during orientation.Meaning of practices and experiences.Interactions, routines and traditions between counsellors and director.Interactions, routines, and traditions involving counsellors and participants. Sample limited to one camp.Results not generalizable.Sample composed by staff included in the community. McCole et al., 2012 Human Resources Primary Quantitative Summer Camp USA Staff: 12 counsellors. Interview Sense of Community IndexEmployee retention Only residential summer camps. Small sample size. Sense of Community only measured after the return decision had been made. Jefferies, 2005 Event Planning Conceptual Physical Education Summer camp USA N/A N/A Initial camp planning.Camp staff.Camp budget.Camp promotion and registration.Instructional.Groups and activities.Camp administration. No empirical analysis the proposed model. Walsh, 2011 Event Planning Conceptual Youth Sport Summer camp USA N/A N/A Meeting the university’s tripartite missionNavigating university bureaucracyOrganizing and implementing a marketing strategyHiring and managing employeesPlanning for risk management and safety No empirical analysis the proposed model. Henderson, 2018 Camp Research Conceptual Camp N/A N /A N /A Role of theory.Address of social issues.Methodological imagination.Emerging audiences.Samples.Linking operations and outcomes research.Staff and youth development.Moving outcomes from what to how.Thoughtful and intentional implications for practice. No empirical analysis the proposed model. Henderson et al., 2007 Camp Research Conceptual Camp N/A N/A N/A Importance of camp research.Challenges in conduct camp research.Camp study areas. No empirical analysis the proposed model. Source: Research Data

Thumbnail

JBI% "Yes" Kmet; Lee; Cook. (2004)Final score POWELL; FIELDS (2002) 75% 92% Quantitative Primary ALEXANDRIS; KOUTHOURIS (2005) 82% 86% PAPAGEORGIOU; MAVROMATIS; KOSTA (2006) 82% 88% KWOK; FOWLER; YUAN (2010) 69% 76% KO et al. (2012) 94 100% MCCOLE et al. (2012) 75% 98% KOTÍKOVÁ; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ (2016) 68% 69% MILLER; BARTH (2016) 82% 96% CHANG et al. (2017) 68% 82% WALSH; GREEN; COTTINGHAM (2017) 82% 88% OMELAN et al. (2018) 75% 90% ROBINSON et al. (2019) 75% 85% LEHTO et al. (2020) 75% 95% SCHELLPFEFFER et al. (2020) 75% 80% LYONS (2003) 80% 100% Qualitative JONES (2005) 80% 88% DUBIN et al. (2020 80% 95% JEFFERIES (2005) 59% Conceptual WALSH (2011) 91% MONK; DEUTSCH (2016) 91% HENDERSON (2018) 91% HENDERSON et al. (2007) 91%

Management area	Definition
Safety	Studies based on the participants and staff safety and camp overall safety.
Consumer Behaviour	Studies based on consumers’ perceptions and preferences (participants, parents, and camp managers).
Human Resources	Studies focused on staff and managers.
Event Planning	Studies focused on camp planning.
Camp Research	Studies focused on the camp research analysis.

Study	Term	Description provided?		Description
*CHANG et al.* (2017)**CHANG, Megan et al. Assessing disaster preparedness among select children's summer camps in the United States and Canada. Southern Medical Journal, v. 110, n. 8, p. 502-508, 2017.	Children’s summer camps	Yes	Self-made	“Summer camps are supervised programs for children and adolescents that cater to different interests, populations, and age groups.”
MILLER; BARTH (2016)	Boy Scout Summer Camp	No
MONK; DEUTSCH (2016)	Sport camp	Yes	Self-made	“[…] a great way to keep kids active throughout the summer and to make money for the program sponsoring them.”
PAPAGEORGIOU; MAVROMATIS; KOSTA (2006)PAPAGEORGIOU, Panagiota; MAVROMATIS, George; KOSTA, George. Summer camp injuries: a tool for safety planning at the summer camp. World Leisure Journal, v. 48, n. 3, p. 54-61, 2006.	Summer camp	Yes	Self-made	“At summer camp, they are involved in many physical activities and live-in group cabins or outdoors.”
POWELL; FIELDS (2002)	Summer youth camp	No
*ROBINSON et al.* (2019)**ROBINSON, Roni L. et al. Concussion management in summer camps. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 37, n. 1, p. 115-123, 2019.	Summer camp	Yes	Olsen et al. (2018)	“[…] where they are engaged in a wide range of often novel activities in unique and unfamiliar settings “
*SCHELLPFEFFER et al.* (2020)**SCHELLPFEFFER, Natalie, R. et al. Camp leadership perspectives on food allergy-related anaphylaxis events and training for camp staff: a national survey of summer camps. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: in practice, v. 8, n. 4, p. 1247-1252e1, 2020.	Summer camp	No
ALEXANDRIS; KOUTHOURIS (2005)ALEXANDRIS, Konstantinos; KOUTHOURIS, Charilaos. Personal incentives for participation in summer children’s camps: investigating their relationships with satisfaction and loyalty. Managing Leisure, v. 10, n. 1, p. 39-53, 2005.	Summer children’s camp	Yes	Self-made	“Their main objective is to offer an attractive leisure environment for the children, combining with sport and educational experiences.”
JONES (2005)JONES, Rhys. What do children most enjoy about summer soccer camp? Gender and group perceptions. Physical Educator, v. 62, n. 1, p. 2-13, 2005.	Summer Soccer Camp	Yes	Self-made	“This type of camp was actually referred to a ‘general day’ summer soccer camp because there was no specific attempt to attract intact soccer teams or to use overnight residency as a promotional camp focus.”
KOTÍKOVÁ; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ (2016)KOTÍKOVÁ, Halina; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ, Eva. Children’s camps as a tourism product: a case study. Czech Journal of Tourism, v. 5, n. 2, p. 189-202, 2016.	children’s camps	Yes	Self-made	“[…] in which Czech children spend free time during their holidays.”
KWOK; FOWLER; YUAN (2010)KWOK, Linchi; FOWLER, Deborah C.; YUAN, Jingxue. Summer camps as a means to recruit prospective college students. Event Management, v. 14, n. 2, p. 149-156, 2010.	Summer camp	Yes	Getz (2008)GETZ, Donald. Event tourism: definition, evolution, and research. Tourism management, v. 29, n. 3, p. 403-428, 2008.	“This has made summer camps, as educational and scientific events […]”
*OMELAN et al.* (2018)**OMELAN, Aneta A. et al. Summer camps from the perspective of participants and organisers. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, v. 25, n. 4, p. 33-38, 2018.	Summer camp	Yes	Self-made	“[…] an organized type of summer recreation for children and adolescents.”
WALSH; GREEN; COTTINGHAM (2017)WALSH, David W.; GREEN, B. Christine; COTTINGHAM, Michael. Exploring the efficacy of youth sport camps to build customer relationships. Leisure Studies, v. 36, n. 5, p. 657-669, 2017.	youth sport camps	Yes	Self-made	“[…] camps to teach the game of basketball and promote positive character values, to introduce campers to new skills and to improve on existing skills, to promote the NBA team in the community, and to provide a unique setting that shares the NBA ‘game’ experience out in the community.“
*LEHTO et al.* (2020)**LEHTO, Xinran Y.; FU, Xiaoxia; KIRILLOVA, Ksenia; BI, Chen. What do parents look for in an overseas youth summer camp? perspectives of Chinese parents. Journal of China Tourism Research, v. 16, n. 1, p. 96-117, 2020.	Overseas summer camp		(American Camp Association, 2013)	“[…] a typical overseas summer camp experience features an organized pro- gram that offers experiential learning with both recreational and educational sources to participants.“
*DUBIN et al.* (2020)**DUBIN, Alexsandra et al. Workplace fatigue within summer camp: Perspectives from camp health care providers and directors. Journal of Experiential Education, v. 43, n. 1, p. 71-87, 2020.	Summer camp	Yes	(American Camp Association,2013)	“[…] an important setting for youth summertime experiences [...]”
*KO et al.* (2012)**KO, Clara et al. Burnout among summer camp staff supporting people with intellectual disability and aggression. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, v. 50, n. 6, p. 479-485, 2012.	Summer camp	Yes	Self-made	“[…] all camps described provided services to people with developmental disabilities […]”
LYONS (2003)LYONS, Kevin D. Exploring the meanings of community among summer camp staff. World Leisure Journal, v. 45, n. 4, p. 55-61, 2003.	Summer camp	No
*MCCOLE et al.* (2012)**MCCOLE, Dan et al. The relationship between seasonal employee retention and sense of community: the case of summer camp employment. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 30, n. 2, p. 85-101, 2012.	Summer camp	No
JEFFERIES (2005)JEFFERIES, Steve. Promote healthy and active lifestyles: organize a physical education summer camp. Strategies, v. 19, n. 1, p. 26-28, 2005.	Physical Education Summer Camp	Yes	Self-made	“[…] organized alternatives for children who desire to participate in competitive sports, to be active, have fun, learn new skills, and spend time with like-minded peers in physical activity settings.”
WALSH (2011)WALSH, David W. Strategies for developing a university-sponsored youth sports summer camp. The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, v. 82, n. 9, p. 24-50, 2011.	University-Sponsored Youth Sports Summer Camp	Yes	Self-made	“[…] self-sufficient, fee-based, physical activity and youth sports summer camp.”
HENDERSON (2018)HENDERSON, Karla A. Camp research: What? So what? What’s next? Journal of Youth Development, v. 13, n. 1-2, p. 316-326, 2018.	Camps	Yes	OZIER (2018)	“[…] camp is more than summer learning; it offers an opportunity to develop life skills to extend into the future.”
*HENDERSON et al.* (2007)**HENDERSON, Karla et al. Summer camp experiences: parental perceptions of youth development outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, v. 28, n. 8, p. 987-1007, 2007.	Camps	Yes	Self-made	“[…] organized experiences in group living in the outdoors that use trained leaders to accomplish intentional goals.”

Management Categories
	Safety	Consumer Behaviour	Human Resources	Event Planning	Camp Research
Management sub-categories	Parents Participants Camp Director	Camp Participants Staff Perception	Staff instructors Camp Director	How to run a camp Specific camp organization	Importance of camp research Camp research areas and implications for practice

Study	Management Area	Type	Nature	Terminology used	Location	Sample	Instruments	Variables	Limitations
*Chang et al., 2017*CHANG, Megan et al. Assessing disaster preparedness among select children's summer camps in the United States and Canada. Southern Medical Journal, v. 110, n. 8, p. 502-508, 2017.	Safety	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	USA and Canada	169 camps	Questionnaire	Disaster preparedness.	Sample selection bias. Background influence respondents’ perspectives. Inadequate type of questions to respondents to quantify food and water reserves. Results do not reflect the feasibility of camps’ disaster plans or available online plans for parents. Miss to identify possible causes to the failures.
Miller; Barth, 2016	Safety	Primary	Quantitative	Boy Scout Summer Camp	USA	1586 participants	Logbooks	Visits to health center.	Sample limited to one camp and only included treatments in centre. Findings not generalized. Data limited to logbook format. Cause of injuries not explained.
Monk; Deutsch, 2016	Safety	Conceptual		Sports Camps	USA	N/A	N/A	Risk Management Plan Athletic Trainers Background Checks Facilities/Equipment Supervision Camp Rules Appropriate Activities	Only sports camps. Recommendations not generalizable. No empirical analysis the proposed model.
Papageorgiou; Mavromatis; Kosta, 2006PAPAGEORGIOU, Panagiota; MAVROMATIS, George; KOSTA, George. Summer camp injuries: a tool for safety planning at the summer camp. World Leisure Journal, v. 48, n. 3, p. 54-61, 2006.	Safety	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	Greece	726 documents	Registration form: Students Injury and Incident Reports for Use in Swedish School	Injury Classes	Results do not explain why the injuries occurred. Participant’s characteristics not considered in examining the injuries.
Powell; Fields, 2002	Safety	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	USA	Documents: 119 published decisions in a legal database Staff: 102 camp professionals	Documents: legal database Risk Management Perspective Inventory (survey)	Published Legal Cases. Camp professionals' perceptions of risk management.	Only legal cases in the U.S. Only published cases discussed. Non-representative sample. Perceptions rather than behaviours
*Robinson et al., 2019*ROBINSON, Roni L. et al. Concussion management in summer camps. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 37, n. 1, p. 115-123, 2019.	Safety	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	USA	Staff: 108	Questionnaire	Comfort level in managing concussion. Use of concussion protocols. Willingness to use a concussion protocol. Practice in managing concussion in camp.	Respondent bias. Influenced of pre-written answer choices in providers’ decision. Miss to understand the cause of staff discomfort.
Alexandris; Kouthouris, 2005ALEXANDRIS, Konstantinos; KOUTHOURIS, Charilaos. Personal incentives for participation in summer children’s camps: investigating their relationships with satisfaction and loyalty. Managing Leisure, v. 10, n. 1, p. 39-53, 2005.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Children’s summer camps	Greece	Participants: 453	Questionnaire	Incentives for camp participation. Satisfaction. Loyalty Word-of-mouth.	Parent’s decision-making not considered.
Jones, 2005JONES, Rhys. What do children most enjoy about summer soccer camp? Gender and group perceptions. Physical Educator, v. 62, n. 1, p. 2-13, 2005.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Qualitative	Summer Soccer camp	USA	Participants: 100	Questionnaire	Things that children enjoyed in camp.	Only pilot study Results not generalizable. Sample limited to participants.
Kotíková; Schwartzhoffová, 2016KOTÍKOVÁ, Halina; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ, Eva. Children’s camps as a tourism product: a case study. Czech Journal of Tourism, v. 5, n. 2, p. 189-202, 2016.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Children’s summer camps	Czech Republic	Participants: 497	Questionnaire	Participation. Number of camps attended. Decision makers Source of information. Type of camp. Focus. Organizer. Camp length. Price. Accommodation. Satisfaction.	Pilot study Data not representative of the target group. Sample limited to participants
Kwok; Fowler; Yuan, 2010KWOK, Linchi; FOWLER, Deborah C.; YUAN, Jingxue. Summer camps as a means to recruit prospective college students. Event Management, v. 14, n. 2, p. 149-156, 2010.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	USA	Participants 58	Questionnaire	Satisfaction Future Intentions	Small sample size. Lack of theoretical contributions. Results do not explain the “how” and “why” of events. Sample limited to participants.
*Omelan et al., 2018*OMELAN, Aneta A. et al. Summer camps from the perspective of participants and organisers. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, v. 25, n. 4, p. 33-38, 2018.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	Poland	Participants: 100 Camp Directors: 2	Questionnaire Interviews	ParticipantsRecreational options. Participation. Frequency of participation. Reasons for participation. Who chooses the camp? Important factors in camp choice. Popular types of camps. Willingness to revisit. Reason for wanting to revisit. Camp Directors Important features to achieve participants satisfaction.	Results of travel agents’ interviews not presented. Sample limited to participants.
Walsh; Green; Cottingham, 2017WALSH, David W.; GREEN, B. Christine; COTTINGHAM, Michael. Exploring the efficacy of youth sport camps to build customer relationships. Leisure Studies, v. 36, n. 5, p. 657-669, 2017.	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Youth Sport Camps	USA	Parents: 70	Questionnaire	Team identification. Brand attitudes. Organizational satisfaction.	Small sample size. Limited to programmes of NBA teams. Sample limited to parents.
Lehto et al., 2020	Consumer behaviour	Primary	Quantitative	Oversea summer camp	China	Parents : 234	Quantitative: Questionnaire	Push Factors: Social; Personal; Educational; and Cultural Benefits. Pull Factors: Summer camp destination: Educational Resources; Supporting Facilities and Services; Destination Attractions. Summer camp programs: Program Structure; Staff Quality; Program Image; Accommodation and Dining. Overall perceived attractiveness of summer camps	Small sample size compared with the larger sample size available. Sample limited to parents.
*Dubin et al., 2020*DUBIN, Alexsandra et al. Workplace fatigue within summer camp: Perspectives from camp health care providers and directors. Journal of Experiential Education, v. 43, n. 1, p. 71-87, 2020.	Human Resources	Primary	Qualitative	Summer Camp	USA	Staff: 29 camp health care professionals.	Interview	Workplace fatigue. Outcomes of workplace fatigue. Strategies to mitigate workplace fatigue.	Convenience sample. Possible recall and self-report bias in data collection process. Sample not representative of nurses and directors at all camps.
*Ko et al., 2012*KO, Clara et al. Burnout among summer camp staff supporting people with intellectual disability and aggression. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, v. 50, n. 6, p. 479-485, 2012.	Human Resources	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	Canada	Staff: 169 camp employees	Questionnaire	Exposure to Aggression. Burnout.	Pioneering study on exposure to aggression, thus there was no previous data available for comparison. Sample size: staff who responded only represented a proportion of all summer camp staff. The cross-sectional nature of the study does not infer causality.
Lyons, 2003LYONS, Kevin D. Exploring the meanings of community among summer camp staff. World Leisure Journal, v. 45, n. 4, p. 55-61, 2003.	Human Resources	Primary	Qualitative	Summer Camp	USA	Staff: 1 Camp Director and 12 counsellors.	Interview and observations.	Camp Director Historical overview of the camp. Personal philosophy about the camp. Goals and objectives for counsellor orientation. Practices planned to achieve the objectives. Councellors Reflexion about orientation. Interactions, routines, and traditions experienced during orientation. Meaning of practices and experiences. Interactions, routines and traditions between counsellors and director. Interactions, routines, and traditions involving counsellors and participants.	Sample limited to one camp. Results not generalizable. Sample composed by staff included in the community.
*McCole et al., 2012*MCCOLE, Dan et al. The relationship between seasonal employee retention and sense of community: the case of summer camp employment. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 30, n. 2, p. 85-101, 2012.	Human Resources	Primary	Quantitative	Summer Camp	USA	Staff: 12 counsellors.	Interview	Sense of Community Index Employee retention	Only residential summer camps. Small sample size. Sense of Community only measured after the return decision had been made.
Jefferies, 2005JEFFERIES, Steve. Promote healthy and active lifestyles: organize a physical education summer camp. Strategies, v. 19, n. 1, p. 26-28, 2005.	Event Planning	Conceptual		Physical Education Summer camp	USA	N/A	N/A	Initial camp planning. Camp staff. Camp budget. Camp promotion and registration. Instructional. Groups and activities. Camp administration.	No empirical analysis the proposed model.
Walsh, 2011WALSH, David W. Strategies for developing a university-sponsored youth sports summer camp. The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, v. 82, n. 9, p. 24-50, 2011.	Event Planning	Conceptual		Youth Sport Summer camp	USA	N/A	N/A	Meeting the university’s tripartite mission Navigating university bureaucracy Organizing and implementing a marketing strategy Hiring and managing employees Planning for risk management and safety	No empirical analysis the proposed model.
Henderson, 2018HENDERSON, Karla A. Camp research: What? So what? What’s next? Journal of Youth Development, v. 13, n. 1-2, p. 316-326, 2018.	Camp Research	Conceptual		Camp	N/A	N /A	N /A	Role of theory. Address of social issues. Methodological imagination. Emerging audiences. Samples. Linking operations and outcomes research. Staff and youth development. Moving outcomes from what to how. Thoughtful and intentional implications for practice.	No empirical analysis the proposed model.
*Henderson et al., 2007*HENDERSON, Karla et al. Summer camp experiences: parental perceptions of youth development outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, v. 28, n. 8, p. 987-1007, 2007.	Camp Research	Conceptual		Camp	N/A	N/A	N/A	Importance of camp research. Challenges in conduct camp research. Camp study areas.	No empirical analysis the proposed model.

	JBI % "Yes"	Kmet; Lee; Cook. (2004)KMET, Leanne M.; LEE, Robert C.; COOK, Linda S. Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers from a variety of fields. Edmonton: Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (AHFMR). AHFMR - HTA Initiative #13. 2004. Available at: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/ShowRecord.asp?ID=32004000313. Accessed in: 21 dec. 2021. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/crdweb/ShowRe... Final score
POWELL; FIELDS (2002)	75%	92%	Quantitative	Primary
ALEXANDRIS; KOUTHOURIS (2005)ALEXANDRIS, Konstantinos; KOUTHOURIS, Charilaos. Personal incentives for participation in summer children’s camps: investigating their relationships with satisfaction and loyalty. Managing Leisure, v. 10, n. 1, p. 39-53, 2005.	82%	86%
PAPAGEORGIOU; MAVROMATIS; KOSTA (2006)PAPAGEORGIOU, Panagiota; MAVROMATIS, George; KOSTA, George. Summer camp injuries: a tool for safety planning at the summer camp. World Leisure Journal, v. 48, n. 3, p. 54-61, 2006.	82%	88%
KWOK; FOWLER; YUAN (2010)KWOK, Linchi; FOWLER, Deborah C.; YUAN, Jingxue. Summer camps as a means to recruit prospective college students. Event Management, v. 14, n. 2, p. 149-156, 2010.	69%	76%
*KO et al. (2012)*KO, Clara et al. Burnout among summer camp staff supporting people with intellectual disability and aggression. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, v. 50, n. 6, p. 479-485, 2012.	94	100%
*MCCOLE et al. (2012)*MCCOLE, Dan et al. The relationship between seasonal employee retention and sense of community: the case of summer camp employment. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 30, n. 2, p. 85-101, 2012.	75%	98%
KOTÍKOVÁ; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ (2016)KOTÍKOVÁ, Halina; SCHWARTZHOFFOVÁ, Eva. Children’s camps as a tourism product: a case study. Czech Journal of Tourism, v. 5, n. 2, p. 189-202, 2016.	68%	69%
MILLER; BARTH (2016)	82%	96%
*CHANG et al. (2017)*CHANG, Megan et al. Assessing disaster preparedness among select children's summer camps in the United States and Canada. Southern Medical Journal, v. 110, n. 8, p. 502-508, 2017.	68%	82%
WALSH; GREEN; COTTINGHAM (2017)WALSH, David W.; GREEN, B. Christine; COTTINGHAM, Michael. Exploring the efficacy of youth sport camps to build customer relationships. Leisure Studies, v. 36, n. 5, p. 657-669, 2017.	82%	88%
*OMELAN et al. (2018)*OMELAN, Aneta A. et al. Summer camps from the perspective of participants and organisers. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, v. 25, n. 4, p. 33-38, 2018.	75%	90%
*ROBINSON et al. (2019)*ROBINSON, Roni L. et al. Concussion management in summer camps. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, v. 37, n. 1, p. 115-123, 2019.	75%	85%
LEHTO et al. (2020)	75%	95%
*SCHELLPFEFFER et al. (2020)*SCHELLPFEFFER, Natalie, R. et al. Camp leadership perspectives on food allergy-related anaphylaxis events and training for camp staff: a national survey of summer camps. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: in practice, v. 8, n. 4, p. 1247-1252e1, 2020.	75%	80%
LYONS (2003)LYONS, Kevin D. Exploring the meanings of community among summer camp staff. World Leisure Journal, v. 45, n. 4, p. 55-61, 2003.	80%	100%	Qualitative
JONES (2005)JONES, Rhys. What do children most enjoy about summer soccer camp? Gender and group perceptions. Physical Educator, v. 62, n. 1, p. 2-13, 2005.	80%	88%
*DUBIN et al. (2020*DUBIN, Alexsandra et al. Workplace fatigue within summer camp: Perspectives from camp health care providers and directors. Journal of Experiential Education, v. 43, n. 1, p. 71-87, 2020.	80%	95%
JEFFERIES (2005)JEFFERIES, Steve. Promote healthy and active lifestyles: organize a physical education summer camp. Strategies, v. 19, n. 1, p. 26-28, 2005.	59%	Conceptual
WALSH (2011)WALSH, David W. Strategies for developing a university-sponsored youth sports summer camp. The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, v. 82, n. 9, p. 24-50, 2011.	91%
MONK; DEUTSCH (2016)	91%
HENDERSON (2018)HENDERSON, Karla A. Camp research: What? So what? What’s next? Journal of Youth Development, v. 13, n. 1-2, p. 316-326, 2018.	91%
*HENDERSON et al. (2007)*HENDERSON, Karla et al. Summer camp experiences: parental perceptions of youth development outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, v. 28, n. 8, p. 987-1007, 2007.	91%

[1] CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Brasil

Brasil

MANAGEMENT OF CHILD CAMPS: A STRUCTURED LITERATURE REVIEW AND NEW DIRECTIONS

GESTÃO DE CAMPOS DE FÉRIAS PARA CRIANÇAS: UMA REVISÃO ESTRUTURADA DA LITERATURA E NOVAS DIREÇÕES

GESTIÓN DE CAMPAMENTOS INFANTILES: UNA REVISIÓN ESTRUCTURADA DE LA LITERATURA Y NUEVAS DIRECCIONES

Abstract