Needs Satisfaction Effect on Exercise Emotional Response: A Serial Mediation Analysis with Motivational Regulations and Exercise Intensity

Teixeira, Diogo Santos; Palmeira, António Labisa

doi:10.1590/S1980-6574201600040023

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Original Article • Motriz: rev. educ. fis. 22 (04) • Dec 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201600040023 copy

Needs Satisfaction Effect on Exercise Emotional Response: A Serial Mediation Analysis with Motivational Regulations and Exercise Intensity

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Regarding psychological responses to exercise, this study aimed to analyze the mediating effects of motivational regulations and intensity in the association between basic psychological needs satisfaction and emotional responses. This was a cross-sectional study of 495 health club members (M = 40.50 years; SD = 13.54); of these, 186 were women (37.6%) and 309 men (62.4%), with an average attendance of 2.61 sessions per week (SD=1.29). Self-determination theory motivational regulations and basic psychological needs (BPN), perceived exercise intensity, and emotional response were measured. Serial mediation procedures were followed to test the interactions of variables. Models with autonomous regulations predicted positive emotional responses. As for the negative emotional response, the models with external regulation presented the highest predictions for negative activation. Results indicate that BPN satisfaction is associated with better emotional response, partially explained by autonomous regulations and perceived exercise intensity. In externally regulated individuals, perceived exercise intensity appears to be important to sustain a better emotional response.

Keywords
motivational regulation; basic psychological needs satisfaction; perceived exercise intensity; emotional response

	α	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1. Intensity		5.54	2.09
2. Competence	0.87	30.25	4.80	0.31^* ***** p < .001
3. Autonomy	0.88	27.78	6.84	0.17^* ***** p < .001	0.33^* ***** p < .001
4. Relatedness	0.90	25.32	7.07	0.09^* * p < .05	0.40^* ***** p < .001	0.20^* ***** p < .001
5. BPN	0.88	27.78	4.56	0.24^* ***** p < .001	0.72^* ***** p < .001	0.72^* ***** p < .001	0.75^* ***** p < .001
6. External regulation	0.79	1.36	2.45	-0.11^* * p < .05	-0.23^* ***** p < .001	-0.12^ p < .01	0.01	-0.14^ p < .01
7. Introjected regulation	0.70	4.43	3.19	0.04	-0.01	0.01	0.08	0.04	0.30^* ***** p < .001
8. Identified regulation	0.64	12.66	2.44	0.21^* ***** p < .001	0.29^* ***** p < .001	0.12**	0.19^* ***** p < .001	0.26^* ***** p < .001	-0.08	0.31^* ***** p < .001
9. Intrinsic regulation	0.71	13.73	2.32	0.19^* ***** p < .001	0.39^* ***** p < .001	0.17^* ***** p < .001	0.25^* ***** p < .001	0.35^* ***** p < .001	-0.29^* ***** p < .001	0.02	0.50^* ***** p < .001
10. Autonomous regulation	0.70	13.20	2.06	0.23^* ***** p < .001	0.39^* ***** p < .001	0.17^* ***** p < .001	0.25^* ***** p < .001	0.35^* ***** p < .001	-0.20^* ***** p < .001	0.19^* ***** p < .001	0.87^* ***** p < .001	0.86^* ***** p < .001
11. Positive activation	0.87	36.78	6.09	0.30^* ***** p < .001	0.40^* ***** p < .001	0.13^ p < .01	0.16^ p < .01	0.29^* ***** p < .001	-0.09^* * p < .05	0.12^* * p < .05	0.22^* ***** p < .001	0.34^* ***** p < .001	0.32^* ***** p < .001
12. Negative activation	0.78	12.84	3.91	0.16	-0.18^* ***** p < .001	-0.11^* * p < .05	-0.07	-0.15**	0.27^* ***** p < .001	0.19^* ***** p < .001	0.01	-0.13^ p < .01	-0.07	-0.16^* ***** p < .001
13. Psychological well-being	0.78	21.49	4.05	0.27^* ***** p < .001	0.36^* ***** p < .001	0.19^* ***** p < .001	0.16^* ***** p < .001	0.30^* ***** p < .001	-0.12^ p < .01	0.17^* ***** p < .001	0.27^* ***** p < .001	0.42^* ***** p < .001	0.40^* ***** p < .001	0.49^* ***** p < .001	-0.09^* * p < .05
14. Psychological distress	0.76	4.82	1.97	-0.05	-0.23^* ***** p < .001	-0.13^ p < .01	-0.05	-0.17^* ***** p < .001	0.37^* ***** p < .001	0.11^ p < .01	-0.09	-0.15^ p < .01	-0.14^ p < .01	-0.08	0.27^* ***** p < .001	-0.22^* ***** p < .001
15. Fatigue	0.87	14.21	6.04	0.21^* ***** p < .001	0.05	0.04	-0.05	0.01	0.12^ p < .01	0.11^ p < .01	0.06	-0.01	0.03	0.03	0.13^ p < .01	0.08	0.11^* * p < .05

Direct effect of IV on DV	Positive activation				Negative activation				Psychological well-being				Psychological distress				Fatigue
	Beta	SE	t	p	Beta	SE	t	p	Beta	SE	t	p	Beta	SE	t	p	Beta	SE	t	p
BPN (Autonomous regulation models)	0.21	0.06	3.51	<.001	-0.13	0.04	-3.25	0.001	0.14	0.04	3.62	<.001	-0.06	0.02	-2.94	0.003	-0.05	0.06	-0.83	0.406
BPN (External regulation models)	0.29	0.06	5.07	<.001	-0.12	0.04	-3.03	0.003	0.22	0.04	5.68	<.001	-0.05	0.02	-2.95	0.003	-0.03	0.06	-0.55	0.58
BPN (Introjected regulation models)	0.29	0.06	5.15	<.001	-0.15	0.04	-3.83	<.001	0.22	0.04	5.83	<.001	-0.07	0.02	-3.79	<.001	-0.06	0.06	-0.99	0.322
Test for indirect effects	Positive activation				Negative activation				Psychological well-being				Psychological distress				Fatigue
Test for indirect effects	Beta	Bc 95% CI			Beta	Bc 95% CI			Beta	Bc 95% CI			Beta	Bc 95% CI			Beta	Bc 95% CI
BPN total as IV		Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper			Lower	Upper
Total indirect effect	0.17^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.11	0.24		0.01	-0.03	0.04		0.13^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.09	0.18		-0.01	-0.04	0.01		0.07^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.13
Autonomous regulation	0.10^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.06	0.16		-0.01	-0.04	0.02		0.10^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.06	0.14		-0.01	-0.04	0.01		-0.01	-0.05	0.05
Autonomous regulation + intensity	0.02^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.03		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.02		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.02^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.04
Intensity	0.05^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.02	0.1		0.01	-0.01	0.03		0.03^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.05		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.05^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.02	0.1
r2 adj for DV model	18.99%		F(4, 490)= 28.72, p<,001		3.20%		F(4, 490)=4.05, p=0.003		22.07%		F(4, 490)=34.70, p<.001		4.17%		F(4, 490)=34.70, p<.001		6.38%		F(4, 490)=8.35, p<.001
Total indirect effect	0.09^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.14		-0.01	-0.05	0.01		0.05^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.03	0.08		-0.02^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	-0.04	-0.01		0.05^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.1
External regulation	0.01	-0.01	0.03		-0.03^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	-0.06	-0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.02		-0.02^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	-0.04	-0.01		-0.03^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	-0.06	-0.01
External regulation + intensity	0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.01		0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.01		0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.01
Intensity	0.08^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.13		0.02	-0.01	0.04		0.04^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.02	0.07		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.07^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.12
r2 adj for DV model	15.11%		F(4, 490)=21.81, p<.001		9.78%		F(4, 490)=13.27, p<.001		14,38%		F(4, 490)=20.58, p<.001		15.97%		F(4, 490)=23.29, p<.001		8,26%		F(4, 490)=11.03, p<.001
Total indirect effect	0.08^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.14		0.02	-0.01	0.05		0.05^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.02	0.08		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.07^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.12
Introjected regulation	0.01	-0.01	0.02		0.01	-0.01	0.02		0.01	-0.01	0.02		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.02
Introjected regulation + intensity	0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.01	0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.01	-0.01	0.01
Intensity	0.08^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.04	0.13		0.01	-0.01	0.03		0.04^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.02	0.07		-0.01	-0.01	0.01		0.07^* * The 95% CI of the Bias and Corrected and Accelerated estimates indicate a significant indirect effect	0.03	0.12
r2 adj for DV model	15.91%		F(4, 490)=23.17. p<.001		7.05%		F(4, 490)=9.29. p<.001		16.32%		F(4, 490)=23.59. p<.001		4.90%		F(4, 490)=6.32. p<.001		7.37%		F(4, 490)=9.75. p<.001

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[1] *Corresponding autor: Diogo S. Teixeira, PhD. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal. diogo.sts.teixeira@gmail.com