INCOME INEQUALITY, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME TRANSFERS IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZIL

Arrais, T. A.

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Articles • Mercator (Fortaleza) 18 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.4215/rm2019.e18008 copy

INCOME INEQUALITY, PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME TRANSFERS IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZIL

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The action of the State, through public job mobilization and transfers of income, constituted an important element to understand the inequality of income in Brazil. At the same time recent researches verify the end of the trajectory of the inequality reduction of income registered in the 2000s, we realized the rise of fiscal austerity policies which objectify to dehydrate the acting fields of the State. Mapping and analysis of public employment (Federal, State, and Municipality) and of the Direct Income Transfers (Rural Retirement, Benefit of Continuing Provision and Bolsa Família Program) help in the comprehension of the decisive actions of the State for the income generation and distribution.

Keywords:
Income Inequality; Public Jobs; Transfers of income

Regions	Average actual income from the main work usually received per month by persons 14 years old and over, employed in the reference week, in formal and informal jobs (R $)
	Total	Formal work					Informal work
		Total	Sex		Color or race		Total	Sex		Color or race
		Total	Men	Women	White	Black or brown	Total	Men	Women	White	Black
North	1 569	2 279	2 475	2%010*	3 160	1 994	(1 023)	1 092	900	1 302	962
Northeast	1 409	2 105	2 286	1 866	2 825	1 814	832	903	724	1 115	746
Southeast	2311	2 717	3 049	2 294	3 299	1 956	1 482	1 742	1 165	1 830	1153
South	2 243	2 502	2 766	2 152	2 683	1 801	1 544	1 833	1 177	1 665	1222
Central-West	2 353	2 813	3 068	2 472	3 382	2 399	1 610	1 836	1 317	1 988	1374
Brazil	2 039	2,555	2 832	2 194	3 076	1 957	1 240	1 398	1 021	1 639	984

INCOME SOURCE		SPECIFICATION			Relationships.
Employment	Public	Municipal			5,514,541
		State			3,103,630
		Federal			1,119,059
		State Owned Enterprise			762,460
		Other entities			91,116
	Private	Formal	PRIVATE COMPANY		31,368,022
			Nonprofit entity		3,237,855
			Individuals and other organizations		1,054,904
		INFORMAL			37,283,000
Pension Fund		General Regime	Pensions		12,907,517
		General Regime	Maintenance payments		5,305,618
		RPPS - Own Regimes	States, Municipalities, and DF	Pensions	2,382,317
			States, Municipalities, and DF	Pensions	680,749
			Union (Executive, Legislative, Judiciary and Public Prosecutor)	Pensions	436,937
				Pensions	300,937
			Servicemen/women	Reserve	158.284
			Servicemen/women	Pensions	223,072
Direct Income Transfers		Rural Retirement	Pensions		6,900,457
		Rural Retirement	Pensions		2,369,958
		Continuous Monthly Benefit	Older persons		2,022,221
		Continuous Monthly Benefit	Disabled		2,527,257
		Bolsa Familia Program.	Benefits		40,919,906

Activity, by added value, of municipal GDP	Total municipalities of the highest added value activity	Municipal demographic class
Activity, by added value, of municipal GDP	Total municipalities of the highest added value activity	up to 10,000	From 10,000 to 20,000	From 20,000 to 50,000	From 50,000 to 100,000	Above 100,000 except capital	Capital
Public administration, defense, education and health, and social security	2725	1327	765	516	89	25	3
Other services *	1478	275	323	413	210	235	22
Agriculture, including support for agriculture and post harvest	735	523	133	66	13	0	0
• Manufacturing Industry	261	96	69	60	22	13	1
Livestock, including livestock support services	161	138	16	5	1	1	0
Water, Sewage, Decontamination and Waste Management Activities	98	46	30	18	1	3	0
Commerce, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles	46	16	9	11	7	3	0
Extraction industries	35	9	10	6	7	3	0
Forestry, fishing and aquaculture	25	13	8	4	0	0	0
Construction	7	5	1	1	0	0	0

Type of benefit	Origin	Target Public	BENEFICIARIES2017
Retirement Rural	LC no. 11, 1971, established the Rural Worker Assistance Program, aged 65 years and 50% of the Minimum Wage for the head of the family.	60 years for men and 55 years for women, with 1 Minimum Wage.	6,900,457
Continuous Monthy Benefit	Law no. 6,179 (1974), which instituted the Amparo Previdenciário. Law no. 8,742 of 1993.	1 Minimum wage for people with disabilities and the elderly poor, with per capita income up to ¼ of MS over 65 years.	4,544,248
Bolsa Familia	MP 132 of 2003 and Law number 10,836, in 2004.	Families living in poverty (per capita income between R$85.01 and R $ 170.00) and extreme poverty (per capita income up to R$85.00)	40,919,906

Universidade Federal do Ceará UFC - Campi do Pici, Bloco 911, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, Tel.: (55 85) 3366 9855, Fax: (55 85) 3366 9864 - Fortaleza - CE - Brazil
E-mail: edantas@ufc.br

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[1] (*)CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Address: Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Estudos Sócio-Ambientais. Conjunto Itatiaia - Itatiaia. CEP: 74630040 - Goiânia, GO - Brasil. Tel.: (62) 5211170. E-mail:tadeuarraisufg@gmail.com