Seed pathology of non-domesticated species of tropical ecosystems

Seed pathology is an area of study that began in the last century and has been developing since then, with increasing contribution especially to agricultural production systems. However, in the environmental area, studies began much later, but showed equal importance, especially for plant restoration and germplasm conservation programs. In this review, information about the knowledge on the pathology of seeds of non-domesticated species from tropical ecosystems is presented and the benefits and gaps of these studies are discussed.

Index terms:
forest seeds; seed-borne diseases; wild species

Authorship

Rayana de Sá Martins ^**Corresponding author E-mail: rayanamartins@gmail.com

Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 04301-012 - São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Instituto de Pesquisas AmbientaisBrasilSão Paulo, SP, BrasilInstituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, 04301-012 - São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6105-9001

Nelson Augustos dos Santos Junior

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9601-2350

Claudio José Barbedo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-7495

*Corresponding author
E-mail: rayanamartins@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (6)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Mechanisms and sources of inoculum of fungi in seeds. Seeds acquire their microbiota (1) while they are still attached to the parent plant, during fruit development, (2) in the soil, after the dispersal of the seeds, and (3) by animal vectors, which may occur in an endophytic manner, without causing damage to the seed, in a saprophytic manner, absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter and/or decomposition, and in a pathogenic manner, causing damage to the seed.

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Figure 2
Frequency (%) of each genus of fungus relative to all fungal genera found in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

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Figure 3
Frequency (%) of each genus of fungus relative to the main fungal genera found in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

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Figure 4
Number of plant species in which each genus of fungus was found, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

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Figure 5
Number of fungal species reported for each genus of fungus, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

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Figure 6
Frequency of occurrence (%) of each genus of fungus in the plant species, in the bibliographic survey conducted from 2012 to 2022.

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Table 1
Fungi identified in seeds of native forest species of tropical ecosystems, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Figure 1 Mechanisms and sources of inoculum of fungi in seeds. Seeds acquire their microbiota (1) while they are still attached to the parent plant, during fruit development, (2) in the soil, after the dispersal of the seeds, and (3) by animal vectors, which may occur in an endophytic manner, without causing damage to the seed, in a saprophytic manner, absorbing nutrients from dead organic matter and/or decomposition, and in a pathogenic manner, causing damage to the seed.

Figure 2 Frequency (%) of each genus of fungus relative to all fungal genera found in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Figure 3 Frequency (%) of each genus of fungus relative to the main fungal genera found in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Figure 4 Number of plant species in which each genus of fungus was found, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Figure 5 Number of fungal species reported for each genus of fungus, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Figure 6 Frequency of occurrence (%) of each genus of fungus in the plant species, in the bibliographic survey conducted from 2012 to 2022.

Table 1 Fungi identified in seeds of native forest species of tropical ecosystems, in the bibliographic survey conducted in the period from 2012 to 2022.

Botanical family	Country	Fungi found	References
Host	Country	Fungi found	References
Anacardiaceae
Lithraea brasiliensis	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Phomopsis sp., Trichoderma sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Myracrodruon urundeuva	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Exserohilum sp., Fusarium sp., Macrophomina sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Trichoderma sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Astronium graveolens	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cylindrocladium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma sp.	Bernardi et al. (2020BERNARDI, C.; SANTOS REY, M.; JÚNIOR, A.W.; PIETROBOM, J.H. Methods to detect fungi in seeds of the Austronium graveolens, Bauhinia forficata and Cordia trichotoma (Vell.).Research, Society and Development , v.9, e609119537, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537 https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537... )
Schinopsis brasiliensis	BR	Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus glaucous, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia sp.	Andrade et al. (2021ANDRADE, N.A.; SANTOS, G.J.C.; LIRA FREITAS, A.; ALMEIDA, E.P.; HOLANDA LEITE, M.J. Efficiency of cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) in the treatment of seeds of braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl.).Diversitas Journal, v.6, p.89-98, 2021. https://doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-journal-v6i1-1186 https://doi.org/10.17648/diversitas-jour... )
Annonaceae
Annona muricata	BR	Fusarium sp., Lasiodiplodia theobroma, Penicilium sp., Rhizopus sp.	Santos et al. (2020SANTOS, D.V.D.; AMORIM, E.P.D.R.; CARVALHO, V.N.; SANTOS, D.S.D.; FERREIRA, T.C. Análise patológica e tratamento alternativo de patógenos em sementes de gravioleira. Summa Phytopathologica , v.46, p.69-70, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/177193 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/177193... )
Apiaceae
Heracleum sphondylium	FR	Diaporthe angelicae, Diaporthe subordinaria	Gomes et al. (2013GOMES, R.R.; GLIENKE, C.; VIDEIRA, S.I.R.; LOMBARD, L.; GROENEWALD, J.Z.; CROUS, P.W. Diaporthe: a genus of endophytic, saprobic and plant pathogenic fungi. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, v.31, p.1-41, 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904044/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... )
Apocynaceae
Aspidosperma polyneuron	BR	Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium pseudocircinatum, Fusarium subglutinans	Mazarotto et al. (2020MAZAROTTO, E.J.; POITEVIN, C.G.; CARMO, A.L.M.; SANTOS, A.F.; TRALAMAZZA, S.M.; PIMENTEL, I.C. Pathogenic Fusarium species complexes associated to seeds of indigenous Brazilian forest tree Aspidosperma polyneuron. European Journal of Plant Pathology , v.158, p.849-857, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02120-8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-020-02120... )
Arecaceae
Archontophoenix cunninghamiana	AU	Penicillium coccotrypicola	Crous et al. (2014CROUS, P.W.; WINGFIELD, M.J.; SCHUMACHER, R.K.; SUMMERELL, B.A.; GIRALDO, A.; GENÉ, J.; GUARRO, J.; WANASINGHE, D.N.; HYDE, K.D.; CAMPORESI, E.; GARETH JONES, E.B.; THAMBUGALA, K.M.; MALYSHEVA, E.F.; MALYSHEVA, V.F.; ACHARYA, K.; ÁLVAREZ, J.; ALVARADO, P.; ASSEFA, A.; BARNES, C.W.; BARTLETT, J.S.; BLANCHETTE, R.A.; BURGESS, T.I.; CARLAVILLA, J.R.; COETZEE, M.P.; DAMM, U.; DECOCK, C.A.; DEN BREEŸEN, A.; DE VRIES, B.; DUTTA, A.K.; HOLDOM, D.G.; ROONEY-LATHAM, S.; MANJÓN, J.L.; MARINCOWITZ, S.; MIRABOLFATHY, M.; MORENO, G.; NAKASHIMA, C.; PAPIZADEH, M.; SHAHZADEH FAZELI, S.A.; AMOOZEGAR, M.A.; ROMBERG, M.K.; SHIVAS, R.G.; STALPERS, J.A.; STIELOW, B.; STUKELY, M.J.; SWART, W.J.; TAN, Y.P.; VAN DER BANK, M.; WOOD, A.R.; ZHANG, Y.; GROENEWALD, J.Z. Fungal Planet description sheets: 281-319. Persoonia-Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, v.33, p.212-289, 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4312934/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... )
Euterpe globosa	US	Xylaria palmicola	Ju et al. (2018JU, Y-M.; ROGERS, J.D.; HSIEH, H-M. Xylaria species associated with fallen fruits and seeds. Mycologia , v.110, p.726-749, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1469879 https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.14... )
Asteraceae
Cosmos	NL	Colletotrichum cosmi	Damm et al. (2012DAMM, U.; CANNON, P.F.; WOUDENBERG, J.H.C.; CROUS, P.W. The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. Studies in Mycology , v.73, p.37-113, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010 https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010... )
Silybum marianum	US	Alternaria eichhorniae, Diaporthe cotoneastri	Raja et al. (2015RAJA, H.A.; KAUR, A.; EL-ELIMAT, T.; FIGUEROA, M.; KUMAR, R.; DEEP, G.; AGARWAL, R.; FAETH, S.H.; CECH, N.B.; OBERLIES, N.H. Phylogenetic and chemical diversity of fungal endophytes isolated from Silybum marianum (L) Gaertn. (milk thistle). Mycology, v.6, p.8-27, 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4409047/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... )
Botanical family	Country	Fungi found	References
Host	Country	Fungi found	References
Bignoniaceae
Tabebuia impetiginosa	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Exserohilum sp., Fusarium sp., Macrophomina sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp., Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Boraginaceae
Cordia trichotoma	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Bipolaris sp., Botrytis sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cylindrocladium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Stemphylium sp., Verticillium sp.	Bernardi et al. (2020BERNARDI, C.; SANTOS REY, M.; JÚNIOR, A.W.; PIETROBOM, J.H. Methods to detect fungi in seeds of the Austronium graveolens, Bauhinia forficata and Cordia trichotoma (Vell.).Research, Society and Development , v.9, e609119537, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537 https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537... )
Brassicaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana	DE	Aureobasidium sp., Coniothyrium sp., Gaeumannomyces graminis, Microdochium sp., Phoma sp., Phomopsis sp., Pleurocytospora lycii, Torula herbarum	Junker et al. (2012JUNKER, C.; DRAEGER, S.; SCHULZ, B. A fine line-endophytes or pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana. Fungal Ecology, v.5, p.657-662, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05.002 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2012.05... )
Capparidaceae
Crataeva tapia	BR	Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp.	Oliveira et al. (2017OLIVEIRA, M.I.D.; ARAÚJO, M.B.M.; NASCIMENTO, L.V.; SILVA, E.D.G.; QUEIROZ AMBRÓSIO, M.M. Sanidade de sementes de Crataeva tapia e Ziziphus joazeiro. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, v.12, p.858-861, 2017. https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i5.5571 https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i5.557... )
Dipterocarpaceae
Shorea obtusa	TH	Pestalotiopsis shoreae	Song et al. (2014SONG, Y.; TANGTHIRASUNUN, N.; MAHARACHCHIKUMBURA, S.S.; JIANG, Y.; XU, J.; HYDE, K.D.; WANG, Y. Novel Pestalotiopsis species from Thailand point to the rich undiscovered diversity of this chemically creative genus. Cryptogamie, Mycologie, v.35, p.139-149, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.139 https://doi.org/10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.20... )
Fabaceae
Acacia mangium	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Bauhinia forficata	BR	Alternaria sp., Ascotricha chartarum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Bipolaris sp., Botrytis sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cylindrocladium sp., Fusarium sp., Gibberella sp., Penicillium sp., Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Penicillium corylophilum, Penicillium glabrum, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Pithomyces atro-olivaceus, Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp., Stemphylium sp., Verticillium sp.	Bernardi et al. (2020BERNARDI, C.; SANTOS REY, M.; JÚNIOR, A.W.; PIETROBOM, J.H. Methods to detect fungi in seeds of the Austronium graveolens, Bauhinia forficata and Cordia trichotoma (Vell.).Research, Society and Development , v.9, e609119537, 2020. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537 https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9537... ); Bezerra et al. (2015BEZERRA, J.D.P.; NASCIMENTO, C.C.; BARBOSA, R.D.N.; SILVA, D.C.; SVEDESE, V.M.; SILVA-NOGUEIRA, E.B.; GOMES, B.S.; PAIVA, L.M.; SOUZA-MOTTA, C.M. Endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Bauhinia forficata: diversity and biotechnological potential. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, v.46, p.49-57, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-838246120130657 https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-8382461201... )
Dalbergia nigra	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp., Macrophomina sp., Penicillium sp., Phomopsis sp., Trichoderma sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Fabaceae
Dalbergia sissoo	IN	Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus tamarii, Aspergillus terreus, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium oxysporum, Geotrichum sp., Helminthosporium sp., Neocosmospora solani, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium glabrum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichothecium roseum, Trichoderma viride, Vuilleminia comedens	Kumar (2014KUMAR, N. Post harvest mycobiota of sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb) grown in north Eastern UP and their culture filterate potential. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, v.8, p.101-105, 2014. https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.9790%2F2402-0814101105 https://www.readcube.com/articles/10.979... ); Naz et al. (2015NAZ, H.; SHUKLA, A.N.; NAZ, A.; PANDEY, A. Studies on fungi associated with Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex. DC. Journal of Crop Science Research and Technology, v.1, p.1-4, 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277973313 https://www.researchgate.net/publication... )
Erythrina falcata	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... )
Inga vera	BR	Acremonium curvulum, Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Phomopsis diachenii	Parisi et al. (2016PARISI, J.J.D.; BIAGI, J.D.; MEDINA, P.F.; BARBEDO, C.J. Fungicide and drying effects on the viability of recalcitrant seeds of Inga vera subsp. affinis. Tropical Plant Pathology , v.41, p.177-182, 2016. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40858-016-0084-6#citeas https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... )
Leucaena leucocephala	BR	Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Lonchocarpus	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... )
Machaerium villosum	BR	Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Piptadenia gonoacantha	BR	Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phomopsis sp., Rhizopus sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... )
Lauraceae
Chlorocardium rodiei	GY	Xylaria karyophthora	Husbands et al. (2018HUSBANDS, D.R.; URBINA, H.; LEWIS, S.M.; AIME, M.C. Xylaria karyophthora: a new seed-inhabiting fungus of Greenheart from Guyana. Mycologia, v.110, p.434-447, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1457349 https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.14... )
Malvaceae
Apeiba tibourbou	BR	Alternaria sp., Exserohilum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phoma sp., Stemphylium sp., Trichoderma sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Luehea divaricata	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp., Torula sp., Trichothecium sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... ); Quevedo et al. (2020QUEVEDO, A.C.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; WALKER, C.; SALDANHA, M.A. Health and transmission of fungi associated with seeds of Luehea divaricata. Revista Agro Ambiente On-line, v.14, p.1-12, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v14i0.6181 http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragr... )
Meliaceae
Cedrela fissilis	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Macrophomina sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Dysoxylum malabaricum	IN	Penicilliopsis indica	Priya and Nagveni (2012PRIYA, K.S.; NAGVENI, H.C. A new species Penicilliopsis indicus, holomorph of Sarophorum on seeds of Dysoxylum malabaricum. Indian Phytopathology, v.65, p.312-313, 2012. http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IPPJ/article/view/22193 http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.... )
Botanical family	Country	Fungi found	References
Host	Country	Fungi found	References
Musaceae
Musa	VN/MY	Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Lasiodiplodia sp.	Hill et al. (2021HILL, R.; LLEWELLYN, T.; DOWNES, E.; ODDY, J.; MACINTOSH, C.; KALLOW, S.; PANIS, B.; DICKIE, J.B.; GAYA, E. Seed banks as incidental fungi banks: fungal endophyte diversity in stored seeds of banana wild relatives. Frontiers in Microbiology , v.12, p.508, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.643731 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.64373... )
Myrtaceae
Acca sellowiana	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia sp., Epicoccum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Phomopsis sp., Trichoderma sp.	Fantinel et al. (2017FANTINEL, V.S.; OLIVEIRA, L.M.; CASA, R.T.; SCHNEIDER, P.F.; ROCHA, E.C.; VICENTE, D.; POZZAN, M. Detection of fungi in Acca sellowiana (Berg) Burret seeds. Floresta e Ambiente, v.24, e00087414, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.087414 https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.087414... ); Saldanha et al. (2020SALDANHA, M.A.; MUNIZ, M.F.B.; WALKER, C.; QUEVEDO, A.C.; FANTINEL, V.S. Sanitary and physiological quality of seeds of Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret. Revista Agro Ambiente On-line , v.14, p.1-10, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragro.v14i0.6085 http://dx.doi.org/10.18227/1982-8470ragr... )
Eucalyptus citriodora	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Eucalyptus grandis	ZA	Alternaria sp., Austropleospora keteleeriae, Bipolaris sp., Botryosphaeria sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium sp., Cochliobolus sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curreya sp., Curvularia sp., Davidiella sp., Diaporthe sp., Exophiala sp., Fusarium sp., Hormonema sp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Macrophomina sp., Mycosphaerella sp., Neofusicoccum eucalyptorum, Neonectria sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Pleosporales sp., Sporobolomyces sp., Sydowia sp., Teratosphaeria zuluensis, Trichosporon sp., Umbelopsis sp., Valsa sp.	Jimu et al. (2016JIMU, L.; KEMLER, M.; WINGFIELD, M.J.; MWENJE, E.; ROUX, J. The Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria zuluensis detected in seed samples. Forestry, v.89, p.316-324, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv037 https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpv037... )
Eugenia brasiliensis	BR	Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Phomopsis sp.	Françoso and Barbedo (2014FRANÇOSO, C.F.; BARBEDO, C.J. Tratamentos osmóticos e térmicos para controle de fungos em sementes de grumixameira (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) e pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.). Hoehnea, v.41, p.541-552, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-30/2013 https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-30/201... ); Françoso and Barbedo (2016)FRANÇOSO, C.F.; BARBEDO, C.J. Osmotic and heat treatments on control of fungi associated with seeds of Eugenia brasiliensis and E. pyriformis (Myrtaceae). Journal of Seed Science , v.38, p.195-203, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n3159481 https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n315...
Eugenia dysenterica	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp.	Bruschet et al. (2022BRUSCHET, M.J.A.L.; JUNIOR, A.F.C.; CHAGAS, L.F.B.; SILVA, P.T.; MORAIS, C.B.; SANTOS, G.R. Etiology, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and tingui (Magonia pubescens). Research, Society and Development , v.11, e55211326975, 2022. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26975 https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26975... )
Eugenia pyriformis	BR	Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Phomopsis sp.	Françoso and Barbedo (2016FRANÇOSO, C.F.; BARBEDO, C.J. Osmotic and heat treatments on control of fungi associated with seeds of Eugenia brasiliensis and E. pyriformis (Myrtaceae). Journal of Seed Science , v.38, p.195-203, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n3159481 https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v38n315... )
Eugenia uniflora	BR	Botrytis sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp.	Françoso and Barbedo (2014FRANÇOSO, C.F.; BARBEDO, C.J. Tratamentos osmóticos e térmicos para controle de fungos em sementes de grumixameira (Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.) e pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.). Hoehnea, v.41, p.541-552, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-30/2013 https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-30/201... )
Psidium cattleyanum	BR	Aspergillus sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Gliocladium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... )
Onagraceae
Clarkia hybrida	DK	Colletotrichum godetiae	Damm et al. (2012DAMM, U.; CANNON, P.F.; WOUDENBERG, J.H.C.; CROUS, P.W. The Colletotrichum acutatum species complex. Studies in Mycology , v.73, p.37-113, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010 https://doi.org/10.3114/sim0010... )
Pinaceae
Pinnus elliottii	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Nigrospora sp., Penicillium sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Pinnus taeda	BR	Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp.	Vechiato and Parisi (2013VECHIATO, M.H.; PARISI, J.J.D. Importância da qualidade sanitária de sementes de florestais na produção de mudas. O Biológico, v.75, p.27-32, 2013. http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/SementesFlorestais/index.htm http://www.infobibos.com/Artigos/2010_3/... )
Plantaginaceae
Plantago lanceolata	NZ	Diaporthe subordinaria	Gomes et al. (2013GOMES, R.R.; GLIENKE, C.; VIDEIRA, S.I.R.; LOMBARD, L.; GROENEWALD, J.Z.; CROUS, P.W. Diaporthe: a genus of endophytic, saprobic and plant pathogenic fungi. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, v.31, p.1-41, 2013. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3904044/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... )
Poaceae
Phyllostachys edulis	CN	Alternaria sp., Arthrinium sp., Aureobasidium sp., Cladosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Fusarium sp., Leptosphaerulina sp., Microdochium sp., Penicillium sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., Phoma sp., Sebacina sp., Shiraia sp., Simplicillium sp., Umbelopsis sp., Xylaria sp.	Shen et al. (2014SHEN, X.Y.; CHENG, Y.L.; CAI, C.J.; FAN, L.; GAO, J.; HOU, C-L. Diversity and antimicrobial activity of culturable endophytic fungi isolated from moso bamboo seeds. PloS One, v.9, 95838, 2014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24759896/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24759896... )
Poa annua	US	Epicoccum poae	Chen et al. (2017CHEN, Q.; HOU, L.W.; DUAN, W.J.; CROUS, P.W.; CAI, L. Didymellaceae revisited. Studies in Mycology, v.87, p.77-103, 2017. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5498420/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article... )
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus joazeiro	BR	Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizopus sp.	Oliveira et al. (2017OLIVEIRA, M.I.D.; ARAÚJO, M.B.M.; NASCIMENTO, L.V.; SILVA, E.D.G.; QUEIROZ AMBRÓSIO, M.M. Sanidade de sementes de Crataeva tapia e Ziziphus joazeiro. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, v.12, p.858-861, 2017. https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i5.5571 https://doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v12i5.557... )
Sapindaceae
Dodonea viscosa	BR	Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Botrytis sp., Chaetomium sp., Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp.	Carmo et al. (2017CARMO, A.L.M.D.; MAZARATTO, E.J.; ECKSTEIN, B.; SANTOS, Á.F.D. Association of fungi with seeds of native forest species. Summa Phytopathologica , v.43, p.246-247, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211 https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-5405/2211... )
Magona pubescens	BR	Aspergillus sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Periconia sp., Trichoderma sp.,	Bruschet et al. (2022BRUSCHET, M.J.A.L.; JUNIOR, A.F.C.; CHAGAS, L.F.B.; SILVA, P.T.; MORAIS, C.B.; SANTOS, G.R. Etiology, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and tingui (Magonia pubescens). Research, Society and Development , v.11, e55211326975, 2022. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26975 https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26975... )
Paullinia cupana	BR	Diaporthe hongkongensis, Diaporthe melonis, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diaporthe terebinthifolii, Fomitopsis meliae, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium polyphialidicum, Gibberella zeae, Glomerella acutata, Mariannaea camptospora, Mycoleptodiscus terretris, Nectria rigidiuscula, Nigrograna mackinnonii, Paraphaeosphaeria arecacearum, Periconia macrospinosa, Pestalotiopsis microspora, Peyronellaea pinodella, Phomopsis asparagi, Phomopsis lagerstroemiae, Pochonia boninensis, Trichoderma harzianum, Xylogone ganodermophthora	Azevedo et al. (2018)

*AU = Australia; BR = Brazil; CN = China; DE = Germany; DK = Denmark; FR = France; GY = Guyana; MY = Malaysia; IN = India; NL = Netherlands; NZ = New Zealand; TH = Thailand; US = United States; VN = Vietnam; ZA = South Africa.

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ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1400 - 3° Andar, sala 31 - Centro,, CEP 86020-000 Londrina/PR - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: jss@abrates.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author
E-mail: rayanamartins@gmail.com