Sodium hypochlorite for sarcotesta remotion from papaya seeds: anatomical studies

Although papaya world production is high, the integument of papaya seeds, called sarcotesta, is an obstacle in the seedling production process. The aim of this work was to develop techniques to facilitate the removal of papaya seed sarcotesta for seedlings production. For that, two assays were developed. For the first one, the seeds were immersed in different concentrations of active chlorine (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) at ratio 600:200 seeds/mL of solution, respectively, besides the study of intact seeds and seeds subjected to the sieve method + stagnant water. For the second one, the seeds were immersed in active chlorine 2% in different ratios (10: 200; 200: 200; 400: 200 and 600: 200), and the concentration of 0% at ratio 10:200 and the sieve method + stagnant water. The effect of the treatments was evaluated by germination test and scanning electron microscopy. Sodium hypochlorite did not remove completely sarcotesta, but damaged it. In ratio 10:200 in a concentration of 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, the embryo and the endosperm were not affected, resulting in 80% of germination, which can be an alternative to sarcotesta manual removal.

Carica papaya L.; anatomy; NaOCl; scanning electron microscopy

Authorship

Valquíria Aparecida Mendes de Jesus ^**Corresponding author <valquiriamj@yahoo.com.br>

Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.

Eduardo Fontes Araújo

Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 - Viçosa, MG, Brasil.

Fábio Lúcio Santos

Departamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Engenharia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.

Eduardo Alves

Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 - Lavras, MG, Brasil.

Luiz Antônio dos Santos Dias

*Corresponding author <valquiriamj@yahoo.com.br>

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Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (6)
Tables (2)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1
Image taken in a scanning electron microscope in Carica papaya L. seeds. A - Longitudinal section of the intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta and endosperm, 150 x. A1 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the endotesta and tegmen, 150 x. Caption: en - endotesta, end - endosperm, ex - exotesta, me - mesotesta, teg - tegmen.

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Figure 2
Image taken in a scanning electron microscope in Carica papaya L. seeds. A - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, 70 x. A1 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta, endotesta and endosperm, 200 x. A2 - Cross section of an intact seed, highlighting the mesotesta, endotesta, oxalate crystals and tegmen, 300 x. A3 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta, endotesta, oxalate crystals and tegmen, 300 x. Caption: oc - oxalate crystals, en - endotesta, ex - exotesta, me - mesotesta, teg - tegmen.

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Figure 3
Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds due to the concentration of active chlorine for 12 hours.

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Figure 4
Image obtained using a scanning electron microscope inCarica papaya L seeds in paradermic sections. A - Intact seed, exotesta front view, 600 x. B - Treatment 0% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. C and C1 - Sieve method treatment plus 24 hours in stagnant water, mesotesta front view, 80 x and 600 x, respectively. D - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. E - Treatment 4% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. F - Treatment 6% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. G - Treatment 8% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. Caption: G - Germination at 30 days of beginning sowing.

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Figure 5
Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds due to the ratio between the number of seeds and the volume (mL) of the sodium hypochlorite solution.

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Figure 6
Image obtained using a scanning electron microscope inCarica papaya L seeds in paradermic sections. H - Treatment 0% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 10:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. I - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 10:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. J - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 200:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. K - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 400:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. L - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. Caption: G - Germination at 30 days of beginning sowing.

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Table 1
Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds subjected to different treatments used in the first assay.

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Table 2
Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds subjected to the best treatment of the second assay (treatment I) and additional treatments (treatments H and C).

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Figure 1 Image taken in a scanning electron microscope in Carica papaya L. seeds. A - Longitudinal section of the intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta and endosperm, 150 x. A1 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the endotesta and tegmen, 150 x. Caption: en - endotesta, end - endosperm, ex - exotesta, me - mesotesta, teg - tegmen.

Figure 2 Image taken in a scanning electron microscope in Carica papaya L. seeds. A - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, 70 x. A1 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta, endotesta and endosperm, 200 x. A2 - Cross section of an intact seed, highlighting the mesotesta, endotesta, oxalate crystals and tegmen, 300 x. A3 - Longitudinal section of an intact seed, highlighting the exotesta, mesotesta, endotesta, oxalate crystals and tegmen, 300 x. Caption: oc - oxalate crystals, en - endotesta, ex - exotesta, me - mesotesta, teg - tegmen.

Figure 3 Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds due to the concentration of active chlorine for 12 hours.

Figure 4 Image obtained using a scanning electron microscope inCarica papaya L seeds in paradermic sections. A - Intact seed, exotesta front view, 600 x. B - Treatment 0% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. C and C1 - Sieve method treatment plus 24 hours in stagnant water, mesotesta front view, 80 x and 600 x, respectively. D - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. E - Treatment 4% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. F - Treatment 6% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. G - Treatment 8% of active chlorine for 12 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 600 x. Caption: G - Germination at 30 days of beginning sowing.

Figure 5 Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds due to the ratio between the number of seeds and the volume (mL) of the sodium hypochlorite solution.

Figure 6 Image obtained using a scanning electron microscope inCarica papaya L seeds in paradermic sections. H - Treatment 0% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 10:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. I - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 10:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. J - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 200:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. K - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 400:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. L - Treatment 2% of active chlorine for 24 hours, ratio 600:200, exotesta front view, 1500 x. Caption: G - Germination at 30 days of beginning sowing.

Table 1 Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds subjected to different treatments used in the first assay.

- Significant and lower than the control in the column by the Dunnett's test at the 5% level of probability. ns non significant when compared to the control in the column.

Table 2 Germination at 30 days of papaya seeds subjected to the best treatment of the second assay (treatment I) and additional treatments (treatments H and C).

+ Significant and higher than the control in the column by the Dunnett's test at the 5% level of probability. ns non significant when compared to the control in the column. Ratio: number of seeds per volume (mL) of solution.

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Sodium hypochlorite for sarcotesta remotion from papaya seeds: anatomical studies

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[1] *Corresponding author <valquiriamj@yahoo.com.br>