FREE EXERCISE PROGRAMS FOR THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON ADHERENCE AND ABANDONMENT

Harris, Elizabeth Rose Assumpção; Ferreira, Flávia Porto Melo; Resende, Helder Guerra de; Silva, Nádia Souza Lima da

doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v31i1.3149

Elizabeth Rose Assumpção Harris

Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0502-6846

Flávia Porto Melo Ferreira

Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3811-3188

Helder Guerra de Resende

Brazilian Air Force University, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7784-4840

Nádia Souza Lima da Silva

Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0617-0521

Author address: Nádia Souza Lima da Silva. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - bloco F - Sala 8121, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, CEP 20550-900. E-mail: nadiaslimas@gmail.com

Study	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	Include
Freitas et al., 2007²⁰20 Freitas CMSM, Santiago MS, Viana AT, Leão AC, Freyre C. Aspectos motivacionais que influenciam a adesão e manutenção de idosos a programas de exercícios físicos. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2007;9(1):92-100.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Pereira and Okuma, 2009²¹21 Pereira JRP, Okuma SS. O perfil dos ingressantes de um programa de educação física para idosos e os motivos da adesão inicial. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2009;23(4):319-334. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092009000400002. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509200900...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Souza and Vendrusculo, 2010¹⁹19 Souza DL, Vendrusculo R. Fatores determinantes para a continuidade da participação de idosos em programas de atividade física: a experiência dos participantes do projeto "Sem Fronteiras". Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2010;24(1):95-105. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092010000100009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201000...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Meurer, Benedetti and Mazo, 2012²²22 Meurer ST, Benedetti TRB, Mazo, GZ. Fatores motivacionais de idosos praticantes de exercícios físicos: um estudo baseado na teoria da autodeterminação. Estud psicol 2012;17(2):299-303. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-294X2012000200014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X201200...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ribeiro et al., 2012²³23 Ribeiro, JAB, Cavalli AS, Cavalli MO, Pogorzelski LV, Prestes MR, Ricardo LIC. Adesão de idosos a programas de atividade física: motivação e significância. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2012;34(4):969-984. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-32892012000400012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3289201200...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Manzano and Molina, 2012²⁴24 Manzano AB, Molina SF. Motivos de inscripción, permanencia y satisfacción en un programa de actividad física de mantenimiento para mujeres mayores. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2012;12(1):79-92.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes
Andreotti and Okuma, 2013²⁵25 Andreotti MC, Okuma SS. Perfil sociodemográfico e de adesão inicial de idosos ingressantes em um programa de Educação Física. Rev Paul Educ Fís 2003;17(2):142-153.	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes
Salin et al., 2014²⁶26 Salin MS, Virtuoso JF, Nepomuceno ASN, Weiers GG, GZM. Golden Age Gym: Reasons for entry, permanence and satisfaction among participating older adults. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2014;16(2):152-160. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n2p152. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v1...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Medeiros et al., 2014²⁷27 Medeiros PA, Streit IA, Sandreschi PF, Fortunato AR, Mazo GZ. Participação masculina em modalidades de atividades físicas de um Programa para idosos: Um estudo longitudinal. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2014;19(8):3479-3488. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014198.16252013. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014198...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	NA	NA	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gillette et al., 2015²⁸28 Gillette DB, Petrescu-Prahova M, Herting JR, Belza B. A pilot study of determinants of ongoing participation in enhancefitness: a community-based group exercise program for older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2015;38(4):194-201. DOI: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000041. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.000000000000...	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	NA	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Study	Country	Type of study	Sample	Program characteristics	Data collection instrument
Freitas et al., 2007²⁰20 Freitas CMSM, Santiago MS, Viana AT, Leão AC, Freyre C. Aspectos motivacionais que influenciam a adesão e manutenção de idosos a programas de exercícios físicos. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2007;9(1):92-100.	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 120 Age: 60-85 years Sex: 69,2% female Sociodemographic data not informed	Type: University extension program and municipal-run program Exercise type: hydrogymnastics, weight training, aerobic gymnastics, dance, swimming. Frequency: Not informed	Adapted questionnaire with Likert Scale on motivation for sports practice and structured interview.
Pereira and Okuma, 2009²¹21 Pereira JRP, Okuma SS. O perfil dos ingressantes de um programa de educação física para idosos e os motivos da adesão inicial. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2009;23(4):319-334. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092009000400002. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509200900...	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 54 Age: 67±5 years Sex: 74,1% female Occupation: 83% retired Schooling: 22,22% High School; 42,59% College Economic class: 43,14% Class A	Type: University extension program Exercise type: Not specified Frequency: 2x/week	Sociodemographic questionnaire Likert table and open-ended question.
Souza and Vendrusculo, 2010¹⁹19 Souza DL, Vendrusculo R. Fatores determinantes para a continuidade da participação de idosos em programas de atividade física: a experiência dos participantes do projeto "Sem Fronteiras". Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2010;24(1):95-105. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092010000100009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201000...	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 10 Sample data not informed	Type: University extension program Exercise type: gymnastics, walking, games, sports, dancing, weight training, hydrogymnastics Frequency: 2x/week	Semi-structured interview with open-ended questions
Meurer, Benedetti and Mazo, 2012²²22 Meurer ST, Benedetti TRB, Mazo, GZ. Fatores motivacionais de idosos praticantes de exercícios físicos: um estudo baseado na teoria da autodeterminação. Estud psicol 2012;17(2):299-303. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-294X2012000200014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X201200...	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 140 Age: 67,54±6,6 years Sex: 82% female Sociodemographic data not informed	Type: city-run program Exercise type: Gymnastics Frequency: 3x/week	IMPRAF-54 questionnaire and 2 attached questions.
Ribeiro et al., 2012²³23 Ribeiro, JAB, Cavalli AS, Cavalli MO, Pogorzelski LV, Prestes MR, Ricardo LIC. Adesão de idosos a programas de atividade física: motivação e significância. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2012;34(4):969-984. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-32892012000400012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3289201200...	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 199 Sex: 98% female Age: 70±6 years Economic class: 46,7% C Class	Type: University extension program Exercise type: Gymnastics and hydrogymnastics Frequency: 1-3x/ week	Semi-structured questionnaire with open-ended and multiple choice questions
Manzano and Molina, 2012²⁴24 Manzano AB, Molina SF. Motivos de inscripción, permanencia y satisfacción en un programa de actividad física de mantenimiento para mujeres mayores. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2012;12(1):79-92.	Spain	Cross-sections	n = 1605 Sex: 100% female Age: 71±5 years Sociodemographic data not informed	Type: city-run program Exercise type: Gymnastics Frequency: 5x/week	Multiple choice questionnaire. Satisfaction scale (Likert)
Study	Country	Type of study	Sample	Program characteristics	Data collection instrument
Andreotti and Okuma, 2013²⁵25 Andreotti MC, Okuma SS. Perfil sociodemográfico e de adesão inicial de idosos ingressantes em um programa de Educação Física. Rev Paul Educ Fís 2003;17(2):142-153.	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 44 Age: 70±5 years Sex: 72,7% female Marital Status: 56,8% married Occupation: 75% retired Schooling: 52,2% High School; 30% College Income: R$ 0,00 a R$ 8.500,00.	Type: University extension program Exercise type: Gymnastics and theory classes Frequency: 2x/week	Questionnaire with open-ended and multiple-choice questions
Salin et al., 2014²⁶26 Salin MS, Virtuoso JF, Nepomuceno ASN, Weiers GG, GZM. Golden Age Gym: Reasons for entry, permanence and satisfaction among participating older adults. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2014;16(2):152-160. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n2p152. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v1...	Brazil	Cross-sections	n = 163 Age: 67,2±6 years Sex: 71% female Marital Status: 58,5% married Occupation: 55,0% retired Income: 41,5% - 1 to 2x min. wage	Type: city-run program partnering with university Exercise type: Gymnastics Frequency: 5x/week	Interview with two semi-open ended questions and 2 multiple choice (Likert)
Medeiros et al., 2014²⁷27 Medeiros PA, Streit IA, Sandreschi PF, Fortunato AR, Mazo GZ. Participação masculina em modalidades de atividades físicas de um Programa para idosos: Um estudo longitudinal. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2014;19(8):3479-3488. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014198.16252013. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014198...	Brazil	Cross-sections and Longitu-dinally	Longitudinal: n = 163 Cross-sectional: n = 45 Sex: 100% male Age: 68±8 years Marital Status: 40% married Schooling: 19% High School; 14% College Income: 25% - more than 6x min. wage	Type: University extension program Exercise type: Swimming and hydrogymnastics Frequency: 2-3x/week	Program database and questionnaire
Gillette et al., 2015²⁸28 Gillette DB, Petrescu-Prahova M, Herting JR, Belza B. A pilot study of determinants of ongoing participation in enhancefitness: a community-based group exercise program for older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2015;38(4):194-201. DOI: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000041. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.000000000000...	United States	Cross-sections	n = 241 Sex: 89% female Age: 71.2±8.2 years Marital: 46% married Schooling: 57% College Income: 40.7% < $25.000/year	Type: Community program Exercise type: Gymnastics Frequency: 3x/week	Questionnaire about motivation and barriers, sent by mail.

Study	Type of analysis	Quantitative result^*	Reasons for adherence
Freitas et al., 2007²⁰20 Freitas CMSM, Santiago MS, Viana AT, Leão AC, Freyre C. Aspectos motivacionais que influenciam a adesão e manutenção de idosos a programas de exercícios físicos. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2007;9(1):92-100.	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: Improving one’s health: 84,2% Improving physical performance: 70,8% Adherence: Maintaining good health: 100% Improving posture: 75%	Entry: improving one’s health, improving physical performance, adopting a health lifestyle, reducing stress, following doctor’s orders etc. Adherence: maintaining good health, improving posture, feeling good, increasing physical well-being, staying in shape, incentives, friends.
Pereira and Okuma, 2009²¹21 Pereira JRP, Okuma SS. O perfil dos ingressantes de um programa de educação física para idosos e os motivos da adesão inicial. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2009;23(4):319-334. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092009000400002. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509200900...	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Improving physical condition: 30% / Acquiring knowledge: 20% / Improving one’s health: 19%	Entry: Improving physical condition, acquiring knowledge, improving health
Souza and Vendrusculo, 2010¹⁹19 Souza DL, Vendrusculo R. Fatores determinantes para a continuidade da participação de idosos em programas de atividade física: a experiência dos participantes do projeto "Sem Fronteiras". Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2010;24(1):95-105. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092010000100009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201000...	Qualitative analysis	Not applicable	Entry: Health-related reasons Adherence: health; well-being; friends; group activities.
Meurer, Benedetti and Mazo, 2012²²22 Meurer ST, Benedetti TRB, Mazo, GZ. Fatores motivacionais de idosos praticantes de exercícios físicos: um estudo baseado na teoria da autodeterminação. Estud psicol 2012;17(2):299-303. DOI: 10.1590/S1413-294X2012000200014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X201200...	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: Doctor’s orders: 48,6% / Health: 33,4% Adherence: Doctor’s orders: 37,8 / Pleasure: 32,1%	Entry: Doctor’s orders; health-related reasons. Adherence: Socialization, health and enjoyment.
Ribeiro et al., 2012²³23 Ribeiro, JAB, Cavalli AS, Cavalli MO, Pogorzelski LV, Prestes MR, Ricardo LIC. Adesão de idosos a programas de atividade física: motivação e significância. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2012;34(4):969-984. DOI: 10.1590/S0101-32892012000400012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3289201200...	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: To avoid or prevent health problems: cont68,8% / Doctor’s orders: 59,8% Adherence: Maintain flexibility/become more agile: 56,3% / Avoid health problems: 59,8%	Entry: Avoiding health problems; improving physical and mental conditions; doctor’s orders. Adherence: avoiding health problems; improving physical and mental conditions; recovery injuries/illness; maintaining health; reducing stress.
Manzano and Molina, 2012²⁴24 Manzano AB, Molina SF. Motivos de inscripción, permanencia y satisfacción en un programa de actividad física de mantenimiento para mujeres mayores. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2012;12(1):79-92.	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: Health: 94,5 % Adherence: Health: 93,4 %	Entry: health; recreation; personal relationships; preparation for sports activities; aesthetics. Adherence: health; recreation; personal relationships; preparation for sports activities.
Andreotti and Okuma, 2013²⁵25 Andreotti MC, Okuma SS. Perfil sociodemográfico e de adesão inicial de idosos ingressantes em um programa de Educação Física. Rev Paul Educ Fís 2003;17(2):142-153.	Descriptive statistics: frequency	Friends’ advice: n = 17 Improving health and quality of life: n = 13	Entry: friends’ advice, belief in benefits of exercise, improving one’s health, doctor’s orders and socialization.
Salin et al., 2014²⁶26 Salin MS, Virtuoso JF, Nepomuceno ASN, Weiers GG, GZM. Golden Age Gym: Reasons for entry, permanence and satisfaction among participating older adults. Rev Bras Cineantropom Desempenho Hum 2014;16(2):152-160. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n2p152. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v1...	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: Pursuit of health: 90,8% Adherence: Socialization: 72,7%	Entry: search for health; third-person encouragement. Adherence: perception of benefits; sensation of well-being; enjoyment of physical exercise and socialization.
Medeiros et al., 2014²⁷27 Medeiros PA, Streit IA, Sandreschi PF, Fortunato AR, Mazo GZ. Participação masculina em modalidades de atividades físicas de um Programa para idosos: Um estudo longitudinal. Ciênc Saúde Colet 2014;19(8):3479-3488. DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014198.16252013. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014198...	Descriptive statistics: percentage	Entry: Quality of life and health: 47% Leisure: 22% Adherence: Enjoying the activity: 29% Health: 14%	Entry: search for quality of life and health; leisure activity; third-party reference; treating health issues; company and doctor’s orders. Adherence: enjoying the exercise; physical activity effects on health; better quality of life; socialization; staying active and program service.

Study	Type of analysis	Quantitative result^*	Reasons for abandonment
Souza and Vendrusculo, 2010¹⁹19 Souza DL, Vendrusculo R. Fatores determinantes para a continuidade da participação de idosos em programas de atividade física: a experiência dos participantes do projeto "Sem Fronteiras". Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2010;24(1):95-105. DOI: 10.1590/S1807-55092010000100009. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-5509201000...	Qualitative analysis	Not applicable	Muscle pain, family-related issues.
Gillette et al., 2015²⁸28 Gillette DB, Petrescu-Prahova M, Herting JR, Belza B. A pilot study of determinants of ongoing participation in enhancefitness: a community-based group exercise program for older Adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2015;38(4):194-201. DOI: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000041. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.000000000000...	Chi-squared	Personal illness/ poor health: 0.25 / I don’t like to exercise: 0.24 / Class was too easy: 0.23	Very difficult classes; inconvenient class times; classes that were too easy; not liking exercise; illness; muscle pain.

[1] Author address: Nádia Souza Lima da Silva. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524 - bloco F - Sala 8121, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, CEP 20550-900. E-mail: nadiaslimas@gmail.com

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FREE EXERCISE PROGRAMS FOR THE ELDERLY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON ADHERENCE AND ABANDONMENT

PROGRAMAS GRATUITOS DE EXERCÍCIO FÍSICO PARA IDOSOS: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA SOBRE ADESÃO E DESISTÊNCIA

ABSTRACT