SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF SPORT ON THE POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ATHLETS

Rigoni, Patrícia Aparecida Gaion; Belem, Isabella Caroline; Vieira, Lenamar Fiorese

doi:10.4025/jphyseduc.v28i1.2854

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Review Article • J. Phys. Educ. 28 • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v28i1.2854 copy

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON THE IMPACT OF SPORT ON THE POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ATHLETS

REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA SOBRE O IMPACTO DO ESPORTE NO DESENVOLVIMENTO POSITIVO DE JOVENS ATLETAS DE RENDIMENTO A

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at carrying out a systematic review of the researches that have assessed the impact of sport on high performance young athletes by using the positive youth development approach as the theoretical support. The searches were conducted in 8 databases; 13 articles met the inclusion criteria. There is a predominance of articles recently published in English with young people of both sexes and from different sports. The variables related to the coach and the athletes seem to have a more impact than the team ones. More personal benefits than social ones were seen. It was concluded that high performance sport may promote personal and social benefits in young athletes. There is a need for further disclosure of the positive youth development approach in the context of high performance sport in different countries.

Keywords:
Sport psychology; Human development; Systematic review.

Reference	Objective	Design	Participants (n)	Origin	Age	Gender	Sport type	Instruments	Analysis	Main Results
Bruner et al.³²32. Bruner MW, Hall J, Côté J. Influence of sport type and interdependence on the developmental experiences of youth male athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2011;11(2):131-142. Doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.499969. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.49...	Assessing the relations among the sport type, interdenpendence and sport experiences.	Transversal	212	Canada	14 to 17 years old	M	Individual and collective	YES and the adapted interdependence scale of task and result	Quantitative	The interdependence from the result was related with positive experiences.
Greenwood and Kanters³¹31. Greewood PB, Kanters MA. Talented male athletes: exemplary character or questionable characters? J Sport Behav , 2009;32(3):298-324.	Evaluating the relation among the ability level, motivational orientations, character and caring in a team.	Transversal	230	USA	14 to18 years old	M	Collective	Measurement of character and caring; Perception of Success Questionnaire and measurement of perceived competence.	Quantitative	The greater orientation to task and low ego were related to the character and caring. The combined high ego and low task were negative.
Gould and Carson²²22. Gould D, Carson S. The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 2010;7(1):298-314.	Exploring the connection between the athletes’ perception on the coach’s behavior and the development of life abilities.	Transversal	190	USA	Most subjects were over 18 years old (first and second year of college)	F/M	Individual and collective	Demographic data, YES, Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, items on the coaches’ behavior.	Quantitative	The competition strategies, establishing the goals, teaching the life abilities and positive support were related to positive experiences.
Gucciardi²⁶26. Gucciardi DF. The relationship between developmental experiences and mental toughness in adolescent cricketers. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2011;33(3):370-93.	Investigating the contribution of the sport experiences for the mental toughness of cricket athletes.	Transversal	308	Australia	13 to 18 years old	M	Collective	Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory and YES	Quantitative	Almost all the mental toughness components were associated to positive experiences.
Harrist and Witt²³23. Harrist CJ, Witt PA. Seeing the court: a qualitative inquiry into youth basketball as a positive developmental context. J Sport Behav 2012;35(2):125-153.	Exploring the coach and athletes’ view on how the training goals and methodologies promote positive development.	Transversal	3 coaches and 31 athletes	USA	12 to 16 years old	F	Collective	Interviews, observations and focal groups.	Qualitative	Two goals were agreed: improving the sport abilities and developing life abilities.
Jones and Lavalle³³33. Jones MI, Lavallee D. Exploring the life skills needs of British adolescent athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2009;10:159-167. Doi: 10.1016/psychsport.2008.06.005. https://doi.org/10.1016/psychsport.2008....	Exploring how the life abilities are defined, which athletes need them and the most important ones.	Transversal	19 athletes, 10 coaches, 4 specialists in sport psychology and 5 undergraduate students.	United Kingdom	15 to 22 years old	F/M	Individual and collective	Focal groups	Qualitative	Life abilities are a range of skills necessary for daily life; the social ones are the most important.
Jones and Parker²⁷27. Jones MI, Parker JK. What is the size of the relationship between global mental toughness and youth experiences? Pers Ind Diff 2013;54(4):519-523. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.0...	Assessing the relation between mental toughness and the youth experiences	Transversal	299	United Kingdom	19,48±1,30 years old	F/M	Individual and collective	Sport Mental Toughness Questionnaire YES	Quantitative	The positive sport experiences justified 13% of the mental toughness.
MacDonald et al. ²⁵25. MacDonald DJ, Côté J, Deakin J. The impact of informal coach training on the personal development of youth sport athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2010;5(3):363-372. Doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.363. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.36...	Comparing sport experiences and the motivational atmosphere of the athletes in view of the training/coach.	Transversal	109 adolescents and managers of youth programs	Canada	9 to 17 years old	F/M	Collective	Youth Sport Program Structure Survey, YES-S, Motivational Atmosphere Scale Youth for Sport.	Quantitative	The athletes of the coaches who had received training in their programs had a greater personal ability.
MacDonald et al.²⁹29. MacDonald DJ, Côté J, Eys M, Deakin J. The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. Sport Psychol 2011;25(1):32-46.	Investigating the role of the motivational atmosphere and enjoyment /fun for the athletes’ personal development.	Transversal	510	Canada	9 to 19 years old	F/M	Collective	YES-S, Sources of Fun in Youth Sport Questionnaire, Motivational Atmosphere Scale for Youth Sport	Quantitative	Enjoyment for Sport and atmosphere oriented to task - positive experiences. Atmosphere oriented to ego and competence - negative experiences.
Strachan et al.²⁸28. Strachan L, Côté J, Deakin J. An evaluation of personal and contextual factors in competitive youth sport. J Appl Sport Psychol 2009; 21:340-355. Doi: 10.1080/10413200903018667. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041320090301866...	Determining if the internal and external resources of development predict burnout and fun/enjoyment in athletes.	Transversal	123	Canada	12 to 16 years old	F/M	Individual and collective	Developmental Assets Profile, Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and Sources of Enjoyment in Youth Sport Questionnaire.	Quantitative	The positive identity influences burnout decrease. Empowerment was related to enjoyment/fun.
Taylor and Bruner³⁰30. Taylor IM, Bruner MW. The social environment and developmental experiences in elite youth soccer. Psychol Sport Exerc 2012;13(4):390-396. Doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.01.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.201...	Testing if the coach’s support and task cohesion influence the satisfaction of the psychological needs and sport experiences.	Transversal	133	United Kingdom	11 to 18 years old	M	Colletive	Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire, Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships Scale and YES	Quantitative	The coach’s support more than task cohesion had an impact on the basic needs satisfaction, and this on the sport experiences.
Vella et al.²⁰20. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. A pilot test of transformational leadership training for sports coaches: impact on the developmental experiences of adolescent athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2013;8(3):513-530. Doi:10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.513. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.51...	Impacto f a leadership program on the leadership perception and development experiences.	Longitudinal (a group of coaches had training, but the other did not)	16 coaches and 127 athletes	Australia	12 to 18 years old	F/M	Collective	Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory for Youth Sport and YES-S	Quantitative	The cognitive abilities were higher after training with coaches.
Vella et al.²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72...	Verifying the relation between leadership behavior, coach/athlete relationship success and development experiences.	Transversal	455	Australia	11 to 18 years old	F/M	Collective	Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory for Youth Sport, Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, YES-S and score.	Quantitative	The association of transformational leadership and quality in the coach/athlete relationship were the best predictors of positive experiences.

Theme	Variables assessed	Items related to youth development	Items related to youth development	Items related to youth development
		Positive items	Positive items	Negative items
Coach	The coach’s behavior, support, transformational leadership, coach-athlete relationship, transformational leadership training, informal training for the life goals, purposes and methods used by the coach for the positive development through sport.	Competition strategies²²22. Gould D, Carson S. The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 2010;7(1):298-314. and sport abilities improvement, establishing the goals, how sport lessons are related to life²²22. Gould D, Carson S. The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 2010;7(1):298-314.^),(²³23. Harrist CJ, Witt PA. Seeing the court: a qualitative inquiry into youth basketball as a positive developmental context. J Sport Behav 2012;35(2):125-153., positive support²²22. Gould D, Carson S. The relationship between perceived coaching behaviors and developmental benefits of high school sports participation. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 2010;7(1):298-314., individual consideration²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72... , caring with the athletes²³23. Harrist CJ, Witt PA. Seeing the court: a qualitative inquiry into youth basketball as a positive developmental context. J Sport Behav 2012;35(2):125-153., intellectual stimulation²⁰20. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. A pilot test of transformational leadership training for sports coaches: impact on the developmental experiences of adolescent athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2013;8(3):513-530. Doi:10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.513. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.51... ^),(²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72... , appropriate role modeling²⁰20. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. A pilot test of transformational leadership training for sports coaches: impact on the developmental experiences of adolescent athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2013;8(3):513-530. Doi:10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.513. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.51... ^),(²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72... , consistence of the coach’s behavior²³23. Harrist CJ, Witt PA. Seeing the court: a qualitative inquiry into youth basketball as a positive developmental context. J Sport Behav 2012;35(2):125-153., formal and informal training of the coach²⁰20. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. A pilot test of transformational leadership training for sports coaches: impact on the developmental experiences of adolescent athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2013;8(3):513-530. Doi:10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.513. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.51... ^),(²⁵25. MacDonald DJ, Côté J, Deakin J. The impact of informal coach training on the personal development of youth sport athletes. Int J Sports Sci Coach 2010;5(3):363-372. Doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.363. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.5.3.36... , positive relationships with the athletes²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72... ^),(²³23. Harrist CJ, Witt PA. Seeing the court: a qualitative inquiry into youth basketball as a positive developmental context. J Sport Behav 2012;35(2):125-153..	-	Negative support22, the coach’s lack of training20.
Athlete	Ability level, motivational orientation, enjoyment/fun for sport, mental toughness, psychological needs and burnout.	Generating Impact Enjoyument for sport through affiliation with peers; self-reference competence, effort²⁹29. MacDonald DJ, Côté J, Eys M, Deakin J. The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. Sport Psychol 2011;25(1):32-46.; positive identity and empowerment²⁸28. Strachan L, Côté J, Deakin J. An evaluation of personal and contextual factors in competitive youth sport. J Appl Sport Psychol 2009; 21:340-355. Doi: 10.1080/10413200903018667. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041320090301866... ; satisfaction of the psychological needs³⁰30. Taylor IM, Bruner MW. The social environment and developmental experiences in elite youth soccer. Psychol Sport Exerc 2012;13(4):390-396. Doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.01.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.201... and orientation related to the task; low ego orientation and high level of ability³¹31. Greewood PB, Kanters MA. Talented male athletes: exemplary character or questionable characters? J Sport Behav , 2009;32(3):298-324..	Receiving Impact Global mental toughness ⁽²⁷27. Jones MI, Parker JK. What is the size of the relationship between global mental toughness and youth experiences? Pers Ind Diff 2013;54(4):519-523. Doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.10.0... and related items; affective intelligence, desire for achievement; resilience; attention control²⁶26. Gucciardi DF. The relationship between developmental experiences and mental toughness in adolescent cricketers. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2011;33(3):370-93., decreased bournot and increased enjoyment/fun²⁸28. Strachan L, Côté J, Deakin J. An evaluation of personal and contextual factors in competitive youth sport. J Appl Sport Psychol 2009; 21:340-355. Doi: 10.1080/10413200903018667. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041320090301866... .	Competence referenced by others29; high ego orientation combined with low task31.
Sport/Team	Sport practice, sport type, task interdependence and result, motivational atmosphere, task cohesion, the team success and volume of weekly training.	Sport practice³³33. Jones MI, Lavallee D. Exploring the life skills needs of British adolescent athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2009;10:159-167. Doi: 10.1016/psychsport.2008.06.005. https://doi.org/10.1016/psychsport.2008.... , sport type; result interdependence³²32. Bruner MW, Hall J, Côté J. Influence of sport type and interdependence on the developmental experiences of youth male athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2011;11(2):131-142. Doi:10.1080/17461391.2010.499969. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.49... , training hours²⁶26. Gucciardi DF. The relationship between developmental experiences and mental toughness in adolescent cricketers. J Sport Exerc Psychol 2011;33(3):370-93., motivational atmosphere oriented to the task²⁹29. MacDonald DJ, Côté J, Eys M, Deakin J. The role of enjoyment and motivational climate in relation to the personal development of team sport athletes. Sport Psychol 2011;25(1):32-46. and task cohesion³⁰30. Taylor IM, Bruner MW. The social environment and developmental experiences in elite youth soccer. Psychol Sport Exerc 2012;13(4):390-396. Doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.01.008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.201... , team success²¹21. Vella S, Oades L, Crowe T. The relationship between coach leadership, the coach-leadership, the coach-athlete relationship, team success, and the positive developmental experiences of adolescent soccer players. Phys Educ Sport Pedagogy 2013;18(5):549-561. Doi:10.1080/17408989.2012.726976. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.72... .	-	Motivational atmosphere oriented to the ego29 and peer negative influences26.

Universidade Estadual de Maringá Avenida Colombo, 5790 - cep: 87020-900 - tel: 44 3011 4315 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: revdef@uem.br

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[1] Author Address: Patrícia Aparecida Gaion Rigoni. Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá- PR, CEP 87020-900. E-mail: pagrigoni@uem.br

STROBE items answered in full	STROBE items either partially answered or not answered
	Title/Abstract (6 articles: 46,1%)
Introduction: context/justification (100%)	Introduction: purposes (5 articles: 38.5%)
Methods: context, variables, data sources/measurement, quantitative variables (100%)	Methods: the study design (9 articles: 69.2%), subjects (4 articles: 31.0%), bias (9 articles: 69.2%), the study size (13 articles: 100%), statistical methods (3 articles: 23.1%)
Results: the subjects, conclusion; main results, other analyses (100%)	Results: descriptive data (9 articles: 69.2%)