Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations: Air Pollution Levels in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cruz, Alex H. De La; Silva, Luis Fhernando M. da; Silva, Felipe Luiz M.; Anjos, Vanessa A. dos; Godoi, Ricardo Henrique M.; Gioda, Adriana

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20240029

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Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society

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Article • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 35 (08) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20240029 copy

Black Carbon and Particulate Matter Concentrations: Air Pollution Levels in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

This research explores the concentration of black carbon (BC) in particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) from ten monitoring stations in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro (MRRJ), Bonsucesso (BS), Botafogo (BOT), Copacabana (COP), Gavea (GAV), Gericino (GER), Lagoa (LAG), Recreio dos Bandeirantes (REC), Santa Cruz (SC), Castelo (CAS) and Urca (URC), covering a range of pollution sources (vehicular, industrial, and residential). PM samples were collected using filter units every week from January 2018 to December 2019. Results revealed high concentrations of PM₁₀ in BS (86 ± 22 µg m³) and PM_2.5 in REC (30 ± 11 µg m³). Likewise, both monitoring stations exceeded the international limits. In 2019, BC in PM₁₀ decreased in the following order: BS > CAS > GER > BOT > SC > GAV. For 2018, BC in PM_2.5 decreased as follows REC > LAG > SC, while 2019 REC > GAV > LAG > COP > URC. REC and BS have industrial and commercial activities and intense vehicular traffic. During the period of study, average BC concentrations in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were 3.3 ± 1.5 and 1.9 ± 0.70 µg m³, respectively. These findings indicate that BC concentrations should be monitored and regulated in locations with high levels of traffic-related air pollution for offering new insights and guiding efforts to minimize emissions and enhance public health.

Keywords:
black carbon; PM₂₅; PM₁₀; Rio de Janeiro; South America

Station	Surrounding characteristics	Surface / km²	Population	PM fraction	Period and months of sampling
BS	area with intense industrial and commercial activities	2.19	18,711	PM₁₀	2019 (February, April-July, September-December)
BOT	a residential site with an intense flow of both light and heavy vehicles, mainly buses likewise intense commerce	4.80	82,890	PM₁₀	2018 (January-April, July-December); 2019 (January, February, April, May, November, December)
COP	a residential coastal neighborhood characterized by intense vehicular traffic and the presence of commercial enterprises	4.10	14,6392	PM2.5	2019 (January-August, October, December)
GAV	residential area, located a few meters from subway line and 8.5 km from a tunnel	2.58	16,003	PM_2.5, PM₁₀	2019 (January-December)
GER	urban area located near urban roads with heavy traffic	2.53	13,564	PM₁₀	2019 (January-December)
LAG	a residential neighborhood in the southern zone of the city, with heavy vehicular traffic and commerce	5.11	21,198	PM_2.5, PM₁₀	2018 (January-July, October-December); 2019 (January, July, October-December)
CAS	a neighborhood, part of the center of Rio de Janeiro, covering the Rio Branco Avenue, airport Santos Dumont with heavy traffic, and commercial areas	5.42	29,555	PM₁₀	2019 (February, March, May- December)
REC	urban area located in the west zone with light and heavy vehicle traffic	30.66	84,224	PM2.5	2018 (January-November); 2019 (January-June)
SC	located 5 km from the Santa Cruz Industrial District, has an intense flow of light and heavy vehicles	125	217,333	PM_2.5, PM₁₀	2018 for PM_2.5 (January-December), 2019 for PM₁₀ (July-November)
URC	a residential neighborhood in the southern zone of the city, with light traffic and near Guanabara Bay	2.32	7,061	PM2.5	2019 (July-December)

Monitoring stations per year	PM₁₀ / (µg m^-3)	PM₂₅ / (µg m^-3)	BC in PM₁₀ / (µg m^-3)	BC in PM₂₅ / (µg m^-3)
2018
BOT	25 ± 11 (3-52)	–	2.9 ± 1.0 (1.2-4.1)	–
LAG	–	8 ± 5^a (1-10)	–	1.9 ± 0.8^a (0.2-3.6)
REC	–	15 ± 7^b (2-32)	–	2.0 ± 0.8^a (0.6-3.7)
SC	–	8 ± 6^a (2-33)	–	1.5 ± 0.7^b (0.1-2.9)
Average	25 ± 11	10.6 ± 7.2	2.8 ± 1.0^A	1.8 ± 0.8^A
(Min-max)	(3-52)	(1.0-32.0)	(1.2-4.1)	(0.1-3.7)
2019
BS	52 ± 20 (25-109)	–	5.6 ± 1.3^a (2.3-7.3)	–
BOT	33 ± 8 (20-48)	–	2.9 ± 0.7^b (2.0-4.1)	–
CAS	42 ± 14 (26-78)	–	4.3 ± 1.0^c (2.7-6.5)	–
COP	–	7 ± 3 (3-12)	–	1.7 ± 0.7^a (0.2-2.5)
GAV	23 ± 12 (6-45)	10 ± 8 (1-29)	2.2 ± 1.0^d (0.9-4.2)	2.1 ± 0.9^b (0.9-3.9)
GER	36 ± 10 (20-53)	–	3.6 ± 1.1^e (2.1-5.9)	–
LAG	–	9 ± 5 (1-21)	–	1.8 ± 0.7^c (0.8-3.4)
REC	–	14 ± 11 (5-41)	–	2.2 ± 0.6^b (1.3-3.1)
SC	57 ± 20 (28-105)	–	2.3 ± 1.2^d (1.3-5.2)	–
URC	–	10 ± 7 (2-24)	–	1.1 ± 0.7 (0.3-2.7)
Average	38 ± 18	10 ± 7	3.3 ± 1.5^A	1.8 ± 0.8^A
(Min-max)	(6-108)	(1-41)	(0.92-7.3)	(0.2-3.9)

Place	Location	Period	BC in PM₂ 5 / (µg m³)	BC in PM₁₀ / (µg m³)	Reference
Caracas, Venezuela	urban	June 2008 and October 2019	1.8 ± 0.9		11
Londrina, Brazil	urban	May 2017 to July 2018	1.7 ± 0.60		13
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	urban	September 2003 to August 2004	2.3 ± 0.7		21
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	urban	September 2003 to December 2005	2.4 ± 1.3		22
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	urban	June 2007 to August 2008	3.4 ± 2.5		23
Cuiabá, Brazil	forest	June 2004 to April 2005	1.1 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.7	36
Beijing, China	urban	December 2012 to January 2020	5.4 ± 3.2		39
Helsinki, Finland	urban	July 2000 to July 2001	1.2 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.6	47
São Paulo, Brazil	urban	July to September 1997	7.6	-	48
Buenos Aires, Argentina	sub urban	November 2014 to March 2016	3.2		49
Curitiba, Brazil	urban	June 2004 to April 2005	2.2		50
Chungcheong, Korea	urban	September 2015 to April 2016	1.7 ± 0.5		53
Makassar, Indonesia	urban	February 2012 to January 2013		2.0 ± 0.9	56
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	urban	January 2018 to December 2019	1.9 ± 0.7	3.3 ± 1.5	this study

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