Assessment of Ora-Pro-Nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) Leaves Shelf-Life in Different Conditions by Using NIR Spectroscopy and Augmented Matrices with Chemometrics

Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Mill) is an unconventional food plant (UFP) rich in proteins, vitamins, fibers, and antioxidants. In this study, ora-pro-nobis leaves were investigated as a proof of concept by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy concerning the storage time (from collection to 12 days), packaging system: styrofoam-based packaging covered with stretchable polychloride vinyl (PVC) film, and vacuum packaging (nylon/poly), temperature (at room temperature of 20 ºC, and in the refrigerator at 4 ºC), and sanitization condition (washed and without washing). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to augmented matrices, showing that unwashed leaves stored in the refrigerator with styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film were better preserved over time. Furthermore, it has been suggested that NIR absorptions are related to proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, antioxidants, and water from ora-pro-nobis leaves and their physiological reactions over time. By combining NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, a complete understanding of the shelf life of ora-pro-nobis leaves was achieved.

Keywords:
unconventional food plant; PCA; package; temperature; sanitization; storage time

Authorship

Fernanda L. Furlan

responsible for conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

investigation

resources

software

validation

visualization

writing original draft

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos (PPC), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), 87020-900 Maringá-PR, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de MaringáBrazilMaringá, PR, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos (PPC), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), 87020-900 Maringá-PR, Brazil

Makoto Matsushita

conceptualization

funding acquisition

investigation

project administration

writing-review and editing

Aline Coqueiro

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

investigation

resources

software

validation

visualization

writing-review and editing

Departamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), 84017-220 Ponta Grossa-PR, BrazilUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáBrazilPonta Grossa, PR, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), 84017-220 Ponta Grossa-PR, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9597-1322

Paulo Henrique Março

conceptualization

data curation

investigation

resources

software

writing-review and editing

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGTA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovações Tecnológicas (PPGIT), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), 87301-899 Campo Mourão-PR, BrazilUniversidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáBrazilCampo Mourão, PR, BrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia de Alimentos (PPGTA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inovações Tecnológicas (PPGIT), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), 87301-899 Campo Mourão-PR, Brazil

Patrícia Valderrama ^**e-mail: patriciav@utfpr.edu.br, pativalderrama@gmail.com

conceptualization

data curation

formal analysis

funding acquisition

investigation

project administration

resources

software

validation

visualization

writing-review and editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6680-1260

*e-mail: patriciav@utfpr.edu.br, pativalderrama@gmail.com

Editor handled this article: Paulo Cezar Vieira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Formulas

Figures (7)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1
Scheme for experimental design. Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (A); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (B); washed leaves stored at room temperature (C); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (D). Vacuum packaging: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (E); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (F); washed leaves stored at room temperature (G); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (H). Without packaging: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (I); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (J); washed leaves stored at room temperature (K); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (L). Dark points show where spectra were acquired.

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Figure 2
Scheme of the procedure for the augmented matrix (X). The matrix formed by average spectra at different times for samples packed in styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (A); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (B); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (C); washed leaves stored at room temperature (D). The matrix formed by mean spectra at a different time for samples in vacuum packaging: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (E); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (F); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (G); washed leaves stored at room temperature (H). The matrix formed by mean spectra at a different time for samples without packaging: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (I); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (J); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (K); washed leaves stored at room temperature (L).

Thumbnail

Figure 3
Preprocessed NIR spectra of ora-pro-nobis leaves under different packaging systems over time.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Scores (a) and loadings (b) on PC1. (ο) Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film; (•) vacuum packaging; (*) without packaging. Blue: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator, red: unwashed leaves stored at room temperature, green: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator, cyan: washed leaves stored at room temperature.

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Scores on PC2 (a) and PC3 (b). (ο) Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film; (•) vacuum packaging; (*) without packaging. Blue: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator, red: unwashed leaves stored at room temperature, green: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator, cyan: washed leaves stored at room temperature.

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Loadings on PC2 and PC3.

Thumbnail

Figure 7
Packaging spectra. (—) PVC film; (---) vacuum packaging.

Thumbnail

(1)

Figure 1 Scheme for experimental design. Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (A); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (B); washed leaves stored at room temperature (C); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (D). Vacuum packaging: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (E); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (F); washed leaves stored at room temperature (G); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (H). Without packaging: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (I); unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (J); washed leaves stored at room temperature (K); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (L). Dark points show where spectra were acquired.

Figure 2 Scheme of the procedure for the augmented matrix (X). The matrix formed by average spectra at different times for samples packed in styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (A); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (B); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (C); washed leaves stored at room temperature (D). The matrix formed by mean spectra at a different time for samples in vacuum packaging: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (E); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (F); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (G); washed leaves stored at room temperature (H). The matrix formed by mean spectra at a different time for samples without packaging: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator (I); unwashed leaves stored at room temperature (J); washed leaves stored in a refrigerator (K); washed leaves stored at room temperature (L).

Figure 3 Preprocessed NIR spectra of ora-pro-nobis leaves under different packaging systems over time.

Figure 4 Scores (a) and loadings (b) on PC1. (ο) Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film; (•) vacuum packaging; (*) without packaging. Blue: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator, red: unwashed leaves stored at room temperature, green: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator, cyan: washed leaves stored at room temperature.

Figure 5 Scores on PC2 (a) and PC3 (b). (ο) Styrofoam-based packaging covered with PVC film; (•) vacuum packaging; (*) without packaging. Blue: unwashed leaves stored in a refrigerator, red: unwashed leaves stored at room temperature, green: washed leaves stored in a refrigerator, cyan: washed leaves stored at room temperature.

Figure 6 Loadings on PC2 and PC3.

Figure 7 Packaging spectra. (—) PVC film; (---) vacuum packaging.

(1)

X = T P^{T}

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Assessment of Ora-Pro-Nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller) Leaves Shelf-Life in Different Conditions by Using NIR Spectroscopy and Augmented Matrices with Chemometrics

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[1] *e-mail: patriciav@utfpr.edu.br, pativalderrama@gmail.com