The Compact Irradiator Modulus Designed for DNA Repair and Mutagenesis Studies in ISS Microgravity Environment Using UVA Emitted by Light-Emitting Diodes

Sampaio, Marcelo; Evangelista, Heitor; d'Amore, Roberto; Asad, Nasser Ribeiro; Asad, Lídia Maria Buarque de Oliveira; Araújo, Adriano Caldeira de; Brasil, Ana Paula Hagge; Veissid, Nelson; Vlassov, Valeri; Pacini, Alessandra; Fontoura, Monique Thérèze Schulz

doi:10.5028/jatm.v6i3.350

Marcelo Sampaio Author for correspondence: Marcelo Sampaio | Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais | Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos/SP | CEP: 12.227-010 - Brazil | Email: marcelo.sampaio@dge.inpe.br

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos/SP - Brazil

Heitor Evangelista

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Roberto d'Amore

Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - São José dos Campos/SP - Brazil

Nasser Ribeiro Asad

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Lídia Maria Buarque de Oliveira Asad

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Adriano Caldeira de Araújo

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Ana Paula Hagge Brasil

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Nelson Veissid

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos/SP - Brazil

Valeri Vlassov

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São José dos Campos/SP - Brazil

Alessandra Pacini

Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - São José dos Campos/SP - Brazil.

Monique Thérèze Schulz Fontoura

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil

Author for correspondence: Marcelo Sampaio | Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais | Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos/SP | CEP: 12.227-010 - Brazil | Email: marcelo.sampaio@dge.inpe.br

Biological system	Type of radiation	Site of irradiation	Dose	Flight payload; Mission	Reference
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	X-ray, 80 kV	Ground	> 140 Gy	STS-42; IML-1	*Pross et al.,* 1994**Pross, H.D., Kost. And Kiefer, J., 1994, "Repair of radiation induced genetic damage under microgravity", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 14, Issue 10, pp. 125-130. doi:10.1016/0273-1177(94)90461-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)904...
Bacillus subtilis	UV-C, 254 nm	Ground	> 335 J m^-2	STS-65; IML-2	*Horneck et al., 1996*Horneck, G., Rettberg, P., Baumstark-Khan, C., Rink, H., Kozubek, S., Schäfer, M. and Schmitz, C., 1996, "DNA repair in microgravity: studies on bacteria and mammalian cells in the experiments REPAIR and KINETICS", Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 47, No 2-3, pp 99-112.
Escherichia coli B/r	X-ray, 150 kV	Ground	120 Gy	STS-65; IML-2	*Horneck et al., 1996*Horneck, G., Rettberg, P., Baumstark-Khan, C., Rink, H., Kozubek, S., Schäfer, M. and Schmitz, C., 1996, "DNA repair in microgravity: studies on bacteria and mammalian cells in the experiments REPAIR and KINETICS", Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 47, No 2-3, pp 99-112.
Escherichia coli PQ37	Gamma ray, ⁶⁰Co	Ground	300 Gy	STS-65; IML-2	*Horneck et al., 1996*Horneck, G., Rettberg, P., Baumstark-Khan, C., Rink, H., Kozubek, S., Schäfer, M. and Schmitz, C., 1996, "DNA repair in microgravity: studies on bacteria and mammalian cells in the experiments REPAIR and KINETICS", Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 47, No 2-3, pp 99-112.
Deinococcus radiodurans	Gamma ray, ⁶⁰Co	Ground	2-12 kGy	STS -65; IML-2	*Kobayashi et al.,* 1996**Kobayashi, Y., Kikuchi, M., Nagaoka, S. and Watanabe, H.,1996, "Recovery of Deinococcus radiodurans from radiation damage was enhanced under microgravity", Biological Sciences in Space, Vol. 10, No 2, pp. 97-101. doi:10.2187/bss.10.97. https://doi.org/10.2187/bss.10.97...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	X-ray, 80 kV	Ground	140 Gy	STS-76; SMM-03	Pross and Kiefer, 1999Pross, H.D., and Kiefer, J., 1999, "Repair of cellular radiation damage in space under microgravity conditions", Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, Vol. 38, No 2, pp. 133-138. doi:10.1007/s004110050149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004110050149...
Deinococcus radiodurans	Gamma ray, ⁶⁰Co	Ground	1-12 kGy	STS 79	*Kobayashi et al., 2000*Kobayashi, Y., Watanabe, H., Kikuchi, M. and Narumi, I., 2000, "Effect of the space environment on the induction of DNA-repair related proteins and recovery from radiation damage", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 25, No 10, pp. 2103-2106.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Beta ray, ⁶³Ni	Space	Not mentioned	STS 84	*Pross et al., 2000*Pross, H.D., Casares, A. and Kiefer, J., 2000, "Induction and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks under Irradiation and Microgravity", Radiation Research, Vol. 153, No 5 Pt 1, pp. 521-525.
Escherichia coli KY396	X-ray, 150 kV and UV-C, 254 nm	Ground	150 Gy and 2 J m^-2	STS-91	*Takahashi et al.,* 2001**Takahashi, A., Ohnishi, K., Takahashi, S., Masukawa, M., Sekikawa, K., Amano, T., Nakano, T., Nagaoka, S. and Ohnishi, T., 2001, "The effects of microgravity on induced mutation in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 555-561. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00391-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	UV-C, 254 nm	Ground	30-300 J m^-2	STS-91	*Takahashi et al., 2001*Takahashi, A., Ohnishi, K., Takahashi, S., Masukawa, M., Sekikawa, K., Amano, T., Nakano, T., Nagaoka, S. and Ohnishi, T., 2001, "The effects of microgravity on induced mutation in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 555-561. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00391-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	X-ray, 150 kV	Ground	100-750 Gy	STS-91	*Takahashi et al., 2001*Takahashi, A., Ohnishi, K., Takahashi, S., Masukawa, M., Sekikawa, K., Amano, T., Nakano, T., Nagaoka, S. and Ohnishi, T., 2001, "The effects of microgravity on induced mutation in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 555-561. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00391-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	X-ray, 150 kV	Ground	100-750 Gy	STS-91	*Takahashi et al., 2001*Takahashi, A., Ohnishi, K., Takahashi, S., Masukawa, M., Sekikawa, K., Amano, T., Nakano, T., Nagaoka, S. and Ohnishi, T., 2001, "The effects of microgravity on induced mutation in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 555-561. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00391-X. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00...
Spores of the Bacillus subtilis wildtype strain (HA 101X) and DNA-repair deficient mutant strain (TKJ 6312, uvrA10 spl-1)	Full extraterrestrial UV spectrum	Space	36.8-48.7 mGy	MIR; EXOBIOLOGIE/ Perseus	*Rettberg et al., 2002*Rettberg, P., Eschweiler, U., Strauch, K., Reitz, G., Horneck, G., Wänke, H., Brack, A. and Barbier, B., 2002, "Survival of Microorganisms in space protected by Meteorite material: Results of the experiment 'EXOBIOLOGIE' of the Perseus mission", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 30, No 6, pp. 1539-1545. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00369-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00...
Deinococcus radioduransand Bacillus sp. (PS3D)	Extreme UV, 30.4 nm	Space	6x10¹⁶ photons m^-2	Terrier Black Brant rocket; SERTS	*Saffary et al., 2002*Saffary, R., Nandakumar, R., Spencer, D., Robb, F.T., Davila, J.M., Swartz, M., Ofman, L., Thomas, R.J. and DiRuggiero, J., 2002, "Microbial survival of space vacuum and extreme ultraviolet irradiation: strain isolation and analysis during a rocket flight", FEMS Microbiology Letters, Vol. 215, No 1, pp. 163-168.
Wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (ATCC 18824)	Satellite environment radiation / Not provided	Space	Not mentioned	Practice 8 recoverable satellite	*Yi et al., 2011*Yi, Z.C., Li, X.F., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Sun, Y. and Zhuang, F.Y., 2011, "The postmitotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae after spaceflight showed higher viability", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 47, Issue 11, pp. 2049-2057. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.02.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.02.00...
Human lymphoblastoid cell lines: TSCE5 (wtp53 gene status) and WTK1 (mp53 gene status)	Full extraterrestrial radiation spectrum	Space	71.2 mSv	ISS	*Takahashi et al.,* 2011**Takahashi, A., Suzuki, H., Omori, K., Seki, M., Hashizume, T., Shimazu, T., Ishioka, N. and Ohnishi, T., 2011, "Expression of p53-regulated genes in human cultured lymphoblastoid TSCE5 and WTK1 cell lines after spaceflight in a frozen state", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 47, Issue 6, pp. 1062-1070. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2010.11.002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2010.11.00...
Bacillus subtilis (wild-type 168 and and mutant WN1087)	Satellite environment radiation (650 km Earth orbit)	Space	1.0-1.6 Gy	O/OREOS nanosatellite	*Nicholson et al. 2011*Nicholson, L.W., Ricco, A.J., Agasid, E., Christopher, B., Diaz-Aguado, M., Ehrenfreund, P., Friedricks, C., Ghassemieh, S., Henschke, M., Hines, J.W., Kitts, C., Luzzi, E., Ly, D., Mai, N., Mancinelli, R., McIntyre, M., Minelli, G., Neumann, M., Parra, M., Piccini, M., Rasay, M.R., Ricks, R., Santos, O., Schooley, A., Squires, D., Timucin, L., Yost, B. and Young, A., 2011, "The O/OREOS Mission: First Science Data from the Space Environment Survivability of Living Organisms (SESLO) Payload", Astrobiology, Vol. 11, No 10, pp. 951-958. doi: 10.1089/ast.2011.0714. https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2011.0714...
Human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells	Full extra-terrestrial radiation spectrum	Space	54 mSv	ISS	*Yatagai et al., 2012*Yatagai, F., Honma, M., Ukai, A., Omori, K., Suzuki, H., Shimazu, T., Takahashi, A., Ohnishi, T., Dohmae, N. and Ishioka, N., 2012, "Preliminary results of space experiment: Implications for the effects of space radiation and microgravity on survival and mutation induction in human cells", Advances in Space Research, Vol. 49, Issue 3, pp. 479-486. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2011.10.01...

Experimental procedure	Date	Time GMT	Experiment chronology	Temperature amplitude
Inoculation of bacterial strains in the irradiator in Baykonur	March, 29^th	06:00 h	00:00 h	~ +25ºC
Pre-flight tests	March, 29^th	06:30 h	00:30 h	~ +21ºC
Refrigeration of the Irradiator with the bacterial strains	March, 29^th	07:00 h	01:00 h	~ +10ºC
Boarding the apparatus in the Soyus TMA-8	March, 29^th	12:20 h	06:20 h	~ +22 to +23ºC
Lauching of Soyus TMA-8	March, 30^th	02:30 h	20:30 h	~ +22 to +23ºC
Soyus TMA 8 docked to the ISS	April, 1^st	04:18 h	2 days + 22:18 h	~ +21ºC
Begin of UV-A irradiation	April, 7^th	13:40 h	9 days + 07:40 h	~ +21ºC ^* *()** a maximum, of short duration, +30oC was reached inside the irradiation module, during the 4 hours of irradiation.
End of UV-A irradiation	April, 7^th	17:40 h	9 days + 11:40 h	~ +21ºC ^* *()** a maximum, of short duration, +30oC was reached inside the irradiation module, during the 4 hours of irradiation.
Soyus TMA 7 undocked from the ISS	April, ^8th	20:23 h	10 days + 14:23 h	~ +21ºC
Reentry at Earth's atmosphere	April, 8^th	23:47 h	10 days + 17:47 h	~ +25ºC
Delivery of the apparatus to the research team at Moscow	April, 9^th	08:00 h	11 days + 02:00 h	~ +10 to +25ºC
Begin of survival and mutagenesis tests	April, 9^th	12:40 h	11 days + 06:40 h	~ +25ºC

[1] Author for correspondence: Marcelo Sampaio | Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais | Avenida dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos/SP | CEP: 12.227-010 - Brazil | Email: marcelo.sampaio@dge.inpe.br

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The Compact Irradiator Modulus Designed for DNA Repair and Mutagenesis Studies in ISS Microgravity Environment Using UVA Emitted by Light-Emitting Diodes

ABSTRACT: