Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Goetz, Ana Paula M.; Luz, Fernando A.; Toma, Tiago S. P.; Mendonça Jr, Milton de S.

doi:10.1590/1678-4766e2018015

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Article • Iheringia, Sér. Zool. 108 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2018015 copy

Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Insetos indutores de galhas das florestas decidual e semidecidual no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Galls are specific changes induced by insects on plant organs mainly through increases in plant cell number and/or size. Gall diversity is easy to recognize in the field because gallers are mostly species-specific, and thus each gall morphotype can be a proxy for a galling species. Insect galls are virtually unknown in Seasonal Deciduous and Semi-Deciduous forests of southern Brazil. Here, galls and host plants were surveyed between 2015 and 2017 in four forest fragments of Rio Grande do Sul State in these two vegetation types, in secondary-growth and areas under restoration. We recorded 89 gall morphotypes, with gallers belonging to Lepidoptera and Diptera, with the latter represented mainly by Cecidomyiidae. Galls were associated to 46 plant species in 27 families. Asteraceae, Piperaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Lauraceae were the richest families in terms of galls, whilst Piper aduncum and Mikania glomerata were superhosts. Most galls occurred in leaves and shoots. The most common shapes were fusiform, globoid and lenticular. Forty-eight gall morphotype records are new for both Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil, an expressive number considering only two seasonal forest types sampled and few sampling points, showing how important surveys still are for these little know fauna both in taxonomic and ecological terms.

KEYWORDS
Insect-plant interaction; host plant; morphotype; gall richness

Host plant	Organ	Shape	Gall inducer	Fig.	Forest type	Season
Acanthaceae
Justicia brasiliana Roth	Bud	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 1	D^R/S	A/SP
Asteraceae
Calea serrata Less.	Stem	Globoid^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 2	S/D^R	W/SP/SU
Calea serrata Less.	Stem	Fusiform^M,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 3	S^R	SU
Calea serrata Less*	Leaf (petiole)	Fusiform^M,G		Fig. 4	S^R	SP
Calea serrata Less*	Stem	Fusiform^P,G		Fig. 5	D^R	SU
Calea serrata Less*	Leaf	Amorphous^M,G		Fig. 6	D^S	SP
Dasyphyllum spinescens (Less.) Cabrera*	Stem	Fusiform^N.O.,G		Fig. 7	S^S	SP
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Stem	Globoid^P,B	Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá, 1989	Fig. 8	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Leaf	Cylindrical^M,G	Liodiplosis cylindrica Gagné 2001	Fig. 9	S^R	W
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Leaf	Globoid^M,G	Liodiplosis spherica Gagné, 2001	Fig. 10	S^R	W
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Stem/Leaf	Conical^M,G	Liodiplosis conica Gagné, 2001	Fig. 11	S^S	W
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Leaf (petiole)	Fusiform^M,G	Mikaniadiplosis annulipes Gagné, 2001	Fig. 12	D^S	W/SU
Mikania glomerata Spreng.	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform^M,G		Fig. 13	S^R	SU
Mikania micrantha Kunth*	Stem	Globoid^N.O.,B		Fig. 14	D^R	S
Mikania micrantha Kunth*	Leaf (petiole)	Globoid^M,G		Fig. 15	D^R	S
Mikania micrantha Kunth*	Stem	Fusiform^M,G		Fig. 16	D^R	SP
Mikania ternata (Vell.) B.L. Rob.*	Leaf	Fusiform^M,G/RO		Fig. 17	S^S	SP
Moquiniastrum polymorphum (Less.)	Stem	Fusiform^M,B	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 18	S^R	SP
Trixis praestans (Vell.) Cabrera*	Bud	Globoid^M,G		Fig. 19	D^S	A
Bignoniaceae
Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann	Stem	Globoid^P,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 20	S/D^R/S	A/SP/SU
Cordia ecalyculata Vell.*	Stem	Fusiform^P,B	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 21	S^R/S	W/SP
Cordia americana (L.) Gottshling & J.E.Mill.	Leaf	Globoid^M,G	Diptera	Fig. 22	D^R/S	SP/SU
Cannabaceae
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 23	S^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.*	Stem	Fusiform^N.O.,LB		Fig. 24	S^R/S	A/W
Trema micrantha (L.) Blume*	Stem	Fusiform^P,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 25	S^R/S	A/W/SP
Cardiopteridaceae
Citronella gongonha(Mart.) R.A.Howard*	Stem	Fusiform^M,G		Fig. 26	S^R	SU
Citronella gongonha(Mart.) R.A.Howard*	Stem	Fusiform^N.O.,G/LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 27	S^R	SP
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.*	Leaf (petiole)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 28	D^S	W/SU
Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.*	Stem (aculeus)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 29	D^R	SU
Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.*	Stem	Fusiform^M,G		Fig. 30	D^R	W/SU
Dioscorea scabra Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.*	Bud	Fusiform^P,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 31	D^R	W/SU
Elaeocarpaceae
Sloanea monospermaVell.*	Stem	Globoid^P,B		Fig. 32	S^R	SU
Euphorbiaceae
Sebastiania sp.	Leaf	Globoid^M,G		Fig. 33	S^S	SP
Fabaceae
Bauhinia forficata Benth.*	Stem	Fusiform^M,G/B		Fig. 34	D^R	S
Inga marginata Willd.	Stem	Globoid^P,G/LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 35	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Inga marginata Willd.	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform^M,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 36	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Inga marginata Willd.*	Leaf	Globoid^M,B/Y		Fig. 37	S^R/S	W/SP
Inga marginata Willd.*	Leaf	Globoid^M,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 38	S^S	A/SP
Inga marginata Willd.*	Stem	Fusiform^{N.O., /LB}		Fig. 39	S^R	SP
Machaerium paraguarienseHassl.*	Leaf	Leaf Fold^M,LG	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 40	D^R	A
Lauraceae
Ocotea puberula (Rich.) Nees*	Stem/Leaf	Globoid^M,LG	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 41	S/D^R/S	W/SP
Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez	Stem	Fusiform^P,B	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 42	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez*	Leaf	Globoid^M,G/RO	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 43	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP
Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez *	Leaf	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 44	D^R/S	A/SU
Nectandra megapotamica (Spreng.) Mez *	Leaf	Lenticular^M,Y/LG		Fig. 45	D^S	SP
Malvaceae
Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc.	Leaf	Conical^M,G/W	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 46	S/D	SP/SU
Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc.	Leaf	Fusiform^M,LB		Fig. 47	D^R/S	SP/SU
Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc.	Leaf	Globoid^M,G		Fig. 48	D^S	SU
Melastomataceae
Leandra regnellii (Triana) Cogn.*	Leaf	Globoid^M,RO	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 49	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Leandra regnellii (Triana) Cogn.*	Stem	Fusiform^P,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 50	S^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Meliaceae
Trichilia claussenii C.DC.*	Stem/Bud	Rossette^M,G		Fig. 51	S^R/S	SU
Monimiaceae
Mollinedia elegans Tul.*	Stem	Fusiform^M,LB	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 52	S^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Mollinedia schottiana (Spreng.) Perkins*	Bud	Conical^M,LB		Fig. 53	S^R	SP
Moraceae
Sorocea bonplandii(Baill.) W.C. Burger, Lanjouw & Boer*	Stem	Fusiform^M,LB		Fig. 54	S^R	SU
Myrtaceae
Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg	Leaf	Lenticular^M,LG	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 55	D^R	SP/SU
Eugenia uniflora L.	Leaf	Fusiform^M,RE/G	Clinodiplosis profusa Maia, 2001	Fig. 56	D^R/S	A
Eugenia uniflora L.*	Leaf	Lenticular^M,LG		Fig. 57	D^R	A
Myrcianthes pungens (O.Berg) D. Legrand*	Bud	Fusiform^M,LG	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 58	D^R	SP
Myrcianthes pungens (O.Berg) D. Legrand*	Leaf	Marginal roll^M,G		Fig. 59	D^R	SU
Psidium cattleyanum Sabine*	Stem	Fusiform^M,LG		Fig. 60	D^R	SP
Nyctaginaceae
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Leaf	Globoid^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 61	S^R/S	A/SP
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Leaf	Globoid^M,RO	Bruggmannia robusta Maia & Couri, 1993	Fig. 62	S^R/S	SP
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Leaf	Lenticular^M,G	Bruggmannia elongata Maia & Couri, 1 993	Fig. 63	S^R/S	A/SP/SU
Guapira opposita (Vell.) Reitz	Stem	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 64	S^R	SU
Phytolaccaceae
Seguieria aculeataJacq. *	Leaf	Lenticular^M,G/LB		Fig. 65	S^S	SU
Piperaceae
Piper aduncum L.	Stem	Fusiform^P,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 66	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.	Stem	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 67	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.	Leaf (vein)	Globoid^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 68	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.	Leaf (petiole)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 69	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.*	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 70	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.*	Leaf	Globoid^M,G/W	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 71	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.	Stem/Leaf	Amorphous^P,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 72	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper aduncum L.*	Fruit	Amorphous^P,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 73	D^R/S	SP
Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steudel	Stem	Fusiform^P,B	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 74	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steudel*	Leaf	Lenticular^M,G		Fig. 75	S/D^R/S	W/SP/SU
Piper mikanianum (Kunth) Steudel*	Fruit	Globoid^M,B	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 76	S/D^R/S	SP/SU
Primulaceae
Myrsine coriacea (Sw.) R.Br.	Stem	Fusiform^M,LB	Lepidoptera	Fig. 77	D^R	A
Myrsine umbellata Mart.	Bud	Fusiform^M,G	Lepidoptera	Fig. 78	S^R/S	A/W/SU
Rubiaceae
Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq.*	Leaf (vein)	Fusiform^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 79	S/D^R/S	SU
Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq.	Leaf	Lenticular^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 80	S/D^R/S	A/W/SP/SU
Rudgea parquioides (Cham.) Müll.Arg.*	Stem	Fusiform^P,B		Fig. 81	D^R	W
Rudgea parquioides (Cham.) Müll.Arg.	Leaf	Lenticular^M,G	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 82	S^S	SP
Salicaceae
Xylosma pseudosalzmanii Sleumer*	Bud	Globoid^M,B		Fig. 83	S^R	W
Sapindaceae
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk.	Stem	Fusiform^M,B	Lepidoptera	Fig. 84	D^R/S	SP/SU
Allophylus edulis (A.St.-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk.	Leaf (vein)	Lenticular^M,Y/LG	Diptera	Fig. 85	D^R/S	SP/SU
Serjania sp.	Stem	Fusiform^{M, LB/G}		Fig. 86	D^R	SU
Smilacaceae
Smilax sp.	Stem	Fusiform^N.O.,G		Fig. 87	S^S	SP
Solanaceae
Cestrum strigillatum Ruiz & Pav.	Bud	Globoid^M,LG		Fig. 88	D^R	S
Vitaceae
Cissus striata Ruiz & Pav.*	Stem	Fusiform^P,RO/Y	Cecidomyiidae	Fig. 89	S^R	W/SP

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