Músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo del mapache cangrejero (<i>Procyon cancrivorus</i>) y una revisión comparativa con otros carnívoros

Vélez-García, Juan Fernando; Marín-González, Lucía; Monroy-Cendales, María José; Miglino, Maria Angélica

Juan Fernando Vélez-García

Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Cl 42 1-02, 730006299, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.

Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1517-2916

Lucía Marín-González

CIENVET research group, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5495-0605

María José Monroy-Cendales

Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Fundación Universitaria Visión de Las Américas, Avenida de las Américas No 98-56, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1768-0877

Maria Angélica Miglino

Anatomy of the Domestic and Wild Animals Posgraduate Program, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4979-115X

Figuras (6)
Tablas (1)

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Fig. 1.
Cranial view of a left forearm (a), and lateral view of a left forearm (b). 1, m. brachioradialis; 2, m. extensor carpi radialis; 2’, cranial belly; 2”, caudal belly; 3, m. extensor digitorum communis; 3’, tendon; 4, m. extensor digitorum lateralis; 4’, tendon of insertion of the m. extensor digitorum lateralis; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris; 5’, tendon 6, m. abductor digiti i longus; 7; retinaculum extensor.

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Fig. 2.
Lateral views of a left forearm where the m. extensor digitorum communis had been retracted toward caudal to see the bellies of the m. extensor carpi radialis. 1, m. brachioradialis; 2, m. extensor carpi radialis; 2’, cranial belly; 2”, caudal belly; 3, m. extensor digitorum communis; 3’, tendon; 4, m. extensor digitorum lateralis; 4’, tendon of insertion of the m. extensor digitorum lateralis; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris; 6, m. abductor digiti i longus.

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Fig. 3.
Dorsal view of a left hand, dorsal view of a right hand (b), deep dorsal view of a left hand (c). 1, Extensor digitorum communis tendon; 1’, tendon to the digit I; 2, extensor digiti I et II tendons; 2’, medial tendon, 2”, lateral tendon; 3, extensor digitorum lateralis tendons; 3’, medial; 3”, intermediate; 3”’, lateral; 4, extensor carpi radialis tendon; 4’, tendon of the cranial belly; 4”, tendon of the caudal belly; 5, retinaculum extensor.

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Fig. 4.
Deep lateral views of a two left forearms (a-b), and deep cranial view of a left forearm (c). 1, m. brachioradialis; 2, m. extensor carpi radialis; 3, m. supinator; 4, m. abductor digiti I longus; 4’, tendon; 5, m. extensor digiti I et II; 5’, medial tendon; 5”, lateral tendon; 6, m. extensor carpi ulnaris.

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Fig. 5.
Lateral view of a left forearm where the m. brachioradialis had been retracted toward medial (a), and lateral view of a left forearm (b). 1, m. brachioradialis; 2, m. extensor carpi radialis; 3, m. extensor digitorum communis; 4, m. extensor digitorum lateralis; 5, m. extensor carpi ulnaris; 6, cranial interosseous artery; 7, m. supinator; 8, transverse cubital artery; 1’, 2’, 7’, branches of the deep branch of radial nerve to the respective muscle.

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Fig. 6.
Lateral view of a left forearm where the m. extensor carpi ulnaris had been retracted toward cranial. 1, m. extensor carpi ulnaris; 1”, ulnar head (variant accessory head) of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris; 2, M. extensor digiti I et II; 3, M. abductor digiti I longus.

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Tab. I.
Main differences of the craniolateral forearm muscles among carnivorans based on the literature review and the results of this study (O: origin, I: insertion).

Muscle	Main differences	Species
Brachioradialis	O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus	Procyonids, mustelids, a ursid (U. americanus), and felids (Caracal, Acynonyx and Leopardus)
	O: proximal third of the humerus	Mustelids (Family Ictonychidae), and felids (Panthera and Leopardus)
	O: middle third of the humerus	Mustelid (G. cuja) and felids
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus	Mustelid (T. taxus)
	Two heads	Ailurus and ursids (but U. americanus)
	I: cranial surface of the radius	Herpestids (I. albicauda and H. ichneumon)
	I: proximal row of the carpus	Felids (L. pardalis, L. geoffroyi and P. onca)
	I: flexor retinaculum	A felid (L. pardalis)
	Absent or vestigial	Canids, hyaenids, viverrids (Civettictis), and a felid (Acynonyx)
Extensor carpi radialis	Single muscle	A mustelid (G. cuja), Ailurus, ursids (Ursus), canids, hyaenids, herpestids, viverrids, and felids (C. caracal, A. jubatus and L. lynx)
	Partly fused	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and N. nasua) and felids (F. catus, L. pardalis, P. leo, P. uncia, P. tigris, and L. lynx)
	Double muscle (Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis)	Procyonids (P. lotor, P. flavus and N. narica), mustelids (M. foina, M. martes, M. meles and as anatomical variant in G. cuja), Ailurus (only as an anatomical variant), and a ursid (A. melanoleuca)
	O: adjacent intermuscular septum	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and P. flavus) and canids (C. l. familiaris and C. thous)
	O: articular capsule of the elbow joint	A canid (Cerdocyon thous)
	O: Fused with the m. extensor digitorum communis	Felids (L. pardalis and as an anatomical variant in P. tigris) and mustelids (M. americana and P. pennanti)
Extensor digitorum communis	O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus	Procyonids (P. lotor, N. nasua and N. narica), mustelids (M. foina, M. martes, M. americana and P. pennanti), a ursid (A. melanoleuca), felids (L. pardalis, A. jubatus, P. leo, P. uncia, and P. tigris), herpestids and viverrids (Genetta)
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus	A procyonid (P. flavus), a mustelid (T. taxus), Ailurus, ursids (Ursus), canids, felids, hyaenids and viverrids (Civettictis)
	O: lateral supracondylar crest and epicondyle of the humerus	A procyonid (P. cancrivorus), and mustelids (G. cuja and E. lutris)
	O: antebrachial fascia	A procyonid (P. cancrivorus) and canids (C. l. familiaris and C. thous)
	O: intermuscular adjacent septa	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and P. flavus), canids (C. l. familiaris and C. thous), and a hyaenid (C. crocuta)
	O: fused with the m. extensor carpi radialis brevis	Felid (L. pardalis and as an anatomical variant in P. tigris) and mustelids (M. americana and P. pennanti)
	Tendon to the digit I as an anatomical variant	Procyonid (P. cancrivorus), mustelid (M. foina), and felids (P. leo and L. lynx)
Extensor digitorum lateralis	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus	Procyonids (P. lotor and Nasua), mustelids (M. foina and M. martes), ursids (Ursus), a canid (L. gymnocercus) and felids
	O: lateral supracondylar crest	Felids (C. caracal, L. pardalis, P. onca and P. concolor)
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and lateral collateral ligament	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and P. flavus), and canids (C. l. familiaris, C. thous, and L. pictus)
	Double muscle	A procyonid (N. narica), and mustelids (Aonyx, G. cuja, and T. taxus)
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and radius	Mustelids (M. americana and P. penannti) and a hyaenid (H.hyaenae)
	O: lateral epicondyle and condyle of the humerus	Ursid (A. melanoleuca)
	O: antebrachial fascia	A procyonid (P. cancrivorus) and a canid (C. thous)
	O: intermuscular adjacent septum	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and P. flavus) and a canid (C. thous)
	Absence of the tendon to the digit III	Mustelids (M. martes, M. foina and E. lutra), ursid (A. melanoleuca), canids (C. alpinus, V. vulpes, and as anatomical variant in L. gymnocercus), herpestids, viverrids (but C. civetta), and hyaenids
	Presence of a tendon to the digit II	Felids (F. catus, P. tigris and L. pardalis)
Extensor carpi ulnaris	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus), mustelids, ursids, Ailurus, canids, felids, herpestids, hyaenids, and viverrids
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and articular capsule of the elbow	Procyonid (P. flavus), mustelid (G. cuja), and a felid (L. pardalis)
	O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the ulna	Procyonids (N. narica, as an anatomical variant in P. cancrivorus and P. flavus), felid (L. lynx), viverrids (Genetta)
	I: metacarpal bone V and accessory carpal bone	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus, and P. flavus, and as anatomical variant in P. lotor), mustelids (but T. taxus, M. martes and M. foina), Ailurus, canids , felids (but L. lynx, L. pardalis, P. uncia and P. tigris), herpestids, and viverrids
	I: metacarpal bone V and extensor retinaculum	Felid (L. lynx) and a hyaenid (Proteles)
Abductor digiti I longus	Absence of the origin from the radius	Procyonid (Nasua as an anatomical variant), a mustelid (E. barbara), and a felid (P. concolor)
	Absence of the origin from the ulna	A mustelid (T. taxus), and a viverrid (C. civetta)
	I: sesamoid bone and metacarpal bone I	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus, Nasua, P. flavus), mustelids (G. cuja, Aonyx, E. lutris, E. barbara and M. foina), Ailurus, canids, felids (L. pardalis, P. leo and P. tigris), hyaenids and a viverrid (C. civetta)
	I: only onto sesamoid bone	A ursid (A. melanoleuca) and a mustelid (M. foina as an anatomical variant)
	I: carpal bone I	A mustelid (E. barbara) and a felid (L. lynx as an anatomical variant)
	I: radial carpal bone	Procyonids (as an anatomical variant in P. flavus and P. lotor)
Extensor digiti I et II	Presence of a tendon to the digit III	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus, N. nasua and P. lotor), canids (as an anatomical variant in C. l. familiaris, C. thous, and L. gymnocercus), and a felid (P. tigris)
	A unique tendon to the digit II	Hyaenids
	A unique tendon to the digit III	Hyaenid (Proteles)
	Tendons only to the digits II and III	A mustelid (L. vulgaris)
	Absent or fused to the abductor digiti I longus and sending tendon only to the digit I	Ursids (Ursus)
	I: metacarpal bone I and tendon of the extensor digitorum communis to the digit II	Canids (but C. alpinus and V. vulpes)
	I: distal phalanges of the digits I and II	Canids (C. alpinus and V. vulpes)
Supinator	O: only from the lateral epicondyle	A mustelid (E. lutra), canids (L. gymnocercus and C. thous), and felids
	O: lateral epicondyle and lateral collateral ligament	Mustelids (M. americana, and P. pennanti,), canids and felids (L. lynx, A. jubatus, P. concolor)
	O: lateral epicondyle, lateral collateral and radial annular ligaments	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus, P. flavus and P. lotor)
	O: lateral collateral and radial annular ligaments	A felid (L. pardalis), Ailurus and ursids
	O: articular capsule of the elbow joint and lateral collateral ligament	Mustelid (G. cuja)
	I: proximal third of the radius	Procyonids (P. cancrivorus and P. lotor), canids (L. gymnocercus and C. thous) and viverrids
	I: proximal two thirds of the radius	Procyonids (Nasua, P. flavus and P. lotor), mustelids (M. americana, P. pennanti, G. cuja), felid (L. pardalis), herpestids
	I: proximal half of the radius	Procyonid (P. flavus and P. lotor), mustelids (M. foina)
	I: Along the radius	Mustelid (T. taxus)
	I: distal third of the radius	Mustelids (M. foina, M. martes and Aonyx), felid (P. onca)
	I: middle third	Felid (P. concolor)
	I: proximal three quarters of the radius	Mustelids (Mustela putorius, L. vulgaris A. cinereus, and E. lutris), and ursids
	I: proximal quarter of the radius	Canids (C. l. familiaris and L. pictus), and a felid (A. jubatus)

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Músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo del mapache cangrejero (Procyon cancrivorus) y una revisión comparativa con otros carnívoros