(1)
a.
John said that Peter2 likes himself2
b.
*John1 said that Peter2 likes himself1
(2)
a.
John1 said that Peter2 likes him1
b.
* John1 said that Peter2 likes him2
(3)
a.
Even [ [John]1’sfriends] like John1
b.
*Even John1 likes John1
(4)
If a is an anaphor, interpret it as coreferential with a c-commanding phrase in D.
(5)
If α is a pronoun, interpret it as disjoint from every c-commanding phrase in D.
(6)
If α is a R-expression, interpret it as disjoint from every c-commanding phrase.
(Chomsky, 1993, p. 211)
(7)
a.
Which claim [that John was asleep] was he1 willing to discuss which claim [that John was sleep]
b.
Which claim [that John was asleep] was he willing to discuss which claim
(8)
[The claim that John was sleep] seems to him [the claim that John was sleep] to be correct
(9)
John wondered [[which picture of himself] [Bill took
[which picture of himself]]]
(10)
a.
LF1: John wondered [ [which x, x a picture of himself] [Bill
took x]]
b.
LF2: John wondered [ [which x,] [Bill took [x a picture of
himself]]
(11)
a.
John wondered which picture of himself Bill saw
b.
John wondered which picture of him Bill saw
c.
John wondered which picture of Bill he saw
(12)
John tookself [picture of himself]
(13)
a.
John wonderedself [[which picture of himself] [Bill saw [which picture of himself] ] ]
b.
John wondered [ [which picture of himself] [Bill saw self [which picture of himself] ] ]
(14)
How many ideas is John likely to have?
(15)
a.
LF1: What is the number n such that John is likely to have n
ideas
b.
LF2: #What is the number n such that there are ideas and
John is likely to have those ideas?
(16)
a.
I asked John how many ideas about himself Mary is likely to hear about/*have
b.
I asked John how many ideas about him Mary is likely to hear about/have
(17)
I asked John how many books about himself Mary thinks (*there) are in the library
(18)
His aides should have explained to Bill Clinton1 ...
a.
[what kinds of pictures of *himself1 and her2 baby] no mother wants to
see
b.
[what kinds of pictures himself1 and her2 baby] Mrs. Jones wants to see
(19)
a.
How many songs about each other did John and Mary say Bill should compose?
b.
John and Mary wonder how many songs about each other Bill should compose.
(20)
a.
The blond American president
b.
The stupid American president
(21)
a.
?? John1 loves people who admire John
b.
*He1 loves people who admire John
c.
John1’s mother loves people who admire John
d.
His1 mother loves people who admire John
(22)
a.
John1/?He1 is so careless that [the idiot] will get killed in an accident one of these days
b.
[Pope John Paul II]1 was so beloved that the entire world is now mourning [the great man]1
(23)
[A linguist working on Binding Theory]1 was so devoid of any moral sense that he1 forced [a physicist working on particles] to hire [the linguist1 ’s girlfriend in his lab
(24)
* [A linguist working on Binding Theory]1 was so devoid of any moral sense that he forced me to hire [the linguist]1’s girlfriend in his lab
(25)
Context: A professor and her Teaching Assistant are grading a late exam together. After both of them have looked at some length at the exam, the professor says:
i. ? The student should pass
ii. He should pass
(26)
Context: A professor and her Teaching Assistant are grading a late exam together. After both of them have looked at some length at the exam, the professor says:
i. Tom should pass
ii. He should pass
(27)
*The woman1 said that I liked Nancy
(28)
Lili thinks she’s gotten the flu
(29)
a.
LF1 (Covaluation):
Lili (λx (x thinks z has gotten the flu)
& Z = Lili)
b.
LF2 (Binding):
Lili (λx (x thinks x has gotten the flu)
(30)
Only Lucie respects her husband
(31)
LF1:
Only Lucie ((λx (x respect x’s husband)
LF2:
Only Lucie ((λx (x respect her husband) & her = Lucie
(32)
John likes himself
(33)
a.
[VP like [[John]self]]
b.
[TP John [ T [vP John [ v [vp like [[John]self]]]]]]
c.
[TP John [T [vP John [ v [like [[John]self]]]]]]
d.
[TP John [T [vP John [ v [VP John [like [him]self]]]]]]
(34)
Everyone1 loves his1 mother
(35)
a.
[VP love [everyone’s mother]]
b.
[VP everyone [v [VP love [everyone’s mother]]]]
c.
* [TP everyone [T [vP everyone [ v [VP loves [everyone’s
mother]]]]]]
(36)
[TP everyone [T [vP everyone [v [VP loves [ his mother]]]]]]
(36)
is, in this account, a convergent alternative to the non-convergent derivation in (35).
(37)
John read that book about ’im
(38)
Ecco la regazza [che mi domando [chi credi que pro possa VP]]
here the girl who myself ask who thinks that may VP
‘This is the girl that I wonder who thinks that she may VP’
(39)
a.
ha-ʔi∫ ∫e- xa∫avti ʕal-*(av)
the-man that (I) thought about-(him)
‘The man that thought about’
b.
ha-ʔi∫ ∫e- raʔiti ʔet ʔi∫-*(o)
the-man that- (I) saw ACC wife-(his)
‘The man whose wife I saw’
(40)
a.
ha-ʔif ∫e- raʔiti (ʔoto)
the-man that (I) saw (him)
“The man that I saw’
b.
ha-ʔif ∫e- xa∫avt ∫e- (hu) melamed ∫anglit
the-man that (you.F) thought that-(he) teaches English
‘The man that you thought he teaches English
(41)
haʔif ∫e-(*hu) ʔohev ʔet Rina
the-man that-(he) loves ACC Rina
‘The man who loves Rina
(42)
‘ǝft [SSura tabaʕ ʔǝbn-a1]2 yalli [kǝll mwazzafe]1
sawlS the-picture of son-her that every employeeF
ʔaalil ʔǝnno badda tʕallǝʔ-a2 bi-maktab-a
said3SF that want3SF hand3SF-it in-office-her
‘I saw the picture of her son that every employee said she wants to hang in her office
(43)
[DP1
[CP
[Pron1yalli]
[... Pron1]]
↑..............
........⸽
(44)
a.
I’d like to meet the linguist that Peter knows a psychologist that works for her
b.
I’d like to meet the linguist that Peter knows a psychologist that works for
(45)
a.
Which article did you file without reading?
b.
Which article did you file without reading it?
(46)
Which senator did you vote for without really know ’im?
(47)
John shaved himself/*him and Peter
(48)
a.
?We consider me intelligent
b.
* We consider myself intelligent
(49)
Cela est il vrai?
that is it true
‘Is that true?’
(50)
a.
[cela il] est vrai → The clitic and its double are merged
together
b.
est1 [ cela il] t1 vrai → Verb movement
c.
cela2 est1 [t2 il] t1 vrai → A-bar movement of the double
(51)
John1 thinks he1 is smart
(52)
a.
[Thinks [XP[[John he] is smart]]]
b.
[Thinks [XP[John he] [ t1 is smart]]]
c.
[John2 think [XP[t2 he]1 [t1 is smart]]]
(53)
* He1 thinks John1 is smart
(54)
a. John is famous. He1 is smart, too
b. John is famous, and he1 is smart too
(55)
*John1 consider him intelligent
(56)
John says that Peter hates him
(57)
Johns father loves him
(58)
a.
John1 loves his1 mother
b.
[ loves [DP [John his] mother]]]
(59)
a.
The woman1 met someone who admires her1
b.
?? The woman1 met someone who admires the woman1
c.
?? The widow1 met someone who admires the woman1
d.
*She1 met someone who admires the woman1
e.
*The woman1 met someone who admires Jane1
f.
*The woman1 met someone who admires the widow1
(60)
novelty constraint
An anaphor may not introduce any presuppositions not associated with its
antecedent
(Wasow, 1972, p. 178)