THE SCHOOLING OF SCIENCE TEACHING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PARANÁ: BETWEEN DISENCHANTMENT OF THE WORLD AND UTILITARIANISM, NUANCES OF A MORAL EDUCATION

Meurer, Sidmar dos Santos

doi:10.1590/2236-3459/102325

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Article • Hist. Educ. 25 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-3459/102325 copy

THE SCHOOLING OF SCIENCE TEACHING IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PARANÁ: BETWEEN DISENCHANTMENT OF THE WORLD AND UTILITARIANISM, NUANCES OF A MORAL EDUCATION

LA ESCOLARIZACIÓN DE LA ENSEÑANZA DE CIENCIAS EN LA EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA EN PARANÁ: ENTRE EL DESENCATAMIENTO DEL MUNDO Y EL UTILITARISMO, MATICES DE EDUCACIÓN MORAL

LA SCOLARISATION DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT DES SCIENCES DANS L’ENSEIGNEMENT PRIMAIRE DANS L’ÉTAT DU PARANA: ENTRE LE DÉSENCHANTEMENT DU MONDE ET L’ UTILITARISME, NUANCES DE L’ÉDUCATION MORALE

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This text analyzes the schooling process as to what was called “scientific teaching” in primary education in the state of Paraná (Brazil), over the first three decades of the XX century. From the perspective of the curriculum history, it analyzes interactions between arguments in favor of its introduction and the emergence of the subject Physical and Natural Sciences in the study programs. As sources, it mobilizes educational reform projects, the pedagogical press, as well as normative documents, official reports and teaching programs. The analysis allows identifying two moments in the path of the respective school subject. The first, as of the first decade of the XX century, when the array of the contents to be taught receives less attention than the assimilation of a mental and behavioral discipline. The second, around the 1920s, when the utility of the contents in relation to labor and hygiene habits is highlighted.

Keywords:
science teaching; curriculum history; educational reforms; history of sensitivities

Associação Sul-Rio-Grandense de Pesquisadores em História da Educação UFRGS - Faculdade de Educação, Av. Paulo Gama, n. 110 | Sala 610, CEP: 90040-060 - Porto Alegre/RS, Tel.: (51) 33084160 - Santa Maria - RS - Brazil
E-mail: rhe.asphe@gmail.com

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[1] E-mail: sid_meurer@ufpr.br

1^st Year	a) Explain what a metal is and give an example of the most useful metals.
	b) Solid, liquid and gaseous bodies.
	c) Water: fresh or drinking, brackish, saline, medicinal water, etc.
	d) Hygiene of the body and clothing. Hand cleaning, mouth, ear, eye care, etc.
	e) Malaria and ancylostomiasis. Means to prevent and cure these diseases.
	f) Smallpox and the need for vaccine.
	g) Parts of a vegetable. Utility of plants. Need for planting to have abundance. What should be planted in the backyards. Fruits, cassava, beans, rice, corn.
	h) Raising of pigs, chickens, kids, sheep, etc.
	i) Experiences with planting in a plot adjacent to the school, at convenient times, with the teacher giving examples of the work.
2^nd Year	a) Recap of the 1^st-year program.
	b) Beekeeping. Importance and utility of honey and wax.
	c) Wheat and its growing.
	d) The making of bread.
	e) Utility of birds and the protection they deserve.
	f) Deforestation. The danger of forests and, therefore, of this irreplaceable treasure, disappearing. Need to plant essential forests. The importance that comes from reforestation.
	g) The planting of flax and its utility.
	h) The planting of cotton and its use.
	i) Sugarcane. The making of sugar.
3^rd Year	a) Recap of the 2^nd-year program.
	b) Practical study of stone coal.
	c) Iron, copper, lead, kerosene.
	d) Electricity and its applications.
	e) Main pastoral, agricultural and manufacturing industries.
	f) The growing of coffee, yerba mate and, mainly, cereals;
	g) Livestock farming.
	h) The leather industry.
	i) Land preparation. Modern tools used to work the soil.
	j) Care with the eyes and other senses.
	k) Main scalp and skin parasites.
	l) Hygiene of houses and adjacent plots.

1^st Year	A) Knowledge and distinction of colors.
	B) Observation of the external features of several bodies, their qualities and uses.
	C) Studies of known animals and their classification by external features: feather, fur and scales animals; animals that walk, that fly, that swim, that crawl; useful animals, harmful animals.
	D) Knowledge of some animal products: meat, bone, leather, horn, teeth, feathers, fur, etc.
	E) Lectures on known vegetables: utility and use of their products in food, home remedies, construction and manufacturing of furniture, fabrics, paper, etc.
	F) Fruit trees from fields, jungles and orchards.
	G) Advice on diet.
	H) Advice on personal grooming.
	I) Harmful effects of smoking and drinking alcohol.
2^nd Year	A) Objective teaching of the states and qualities of the bodies; solid, liquid and gaseous bodies; rough, smooth and slippery bodies; fragile, resistant, porous, translucent, opaque, elastic, flexible bodies; combustible, flammable, explosive, fusible, soluble, fibrous, granular, sounding, astringent, spicy, acidic, sweet, salty bodies.
	B) First observations on vertebrate and invertebrate animals; animals that are useful and harmful to agriculture. Domestic animals. Animals useful to men; harmful animals: means of defense that we have. Studies of the life of some very important animals, such as ox, horse, sheep, goat, domestic birds, bees, silkworm, etc.
	C) Elementary study of the human body; general observations of the human body; general observations on the hygiene of eating and of the senses.
	D) Care with the organ of sight to prevent the diseases that attack it.
	E) Study of some useful produce: yerba mate, coffee, cotton, wheat, rice, beans, potato, vegetables, etc.
	F) Observations on seed germination.
3^rd Year	A) Atmospheric air: barometers.
	B) Air composition. Stale air. Air humidity and its causes.
	C) Evaporation; observation on the general phenomenon of evaporation, its causes and effects.
	D) Rain: formation of rain and its effects.
	F) Winds; its causes and its effects.
	G) Very simple studies of some well-known minerals: iron, stone coal, lead, copper, nickel, silver, gold.
	H) Water; its composition. Fresh and saline waters. Brackish and drinking waters. Mineral and medicinal waters. Thermal waters.
	I) Heat; heat sources. Thermometers.
	J) Animals; main characteristics of vertebrates and invertebrates.
	K) Useful animals.
	L) Man; main parts of the human body. Main skeleton bones.
	M) Digestive system; its function.
	N) Description of the instruments most used in agriculture.
	O) The various processes for artificial reproduction of vegetables; cutting, layering and grafting.
	P) Growing of some useful vegetables in experience fields: coffee, cotton, sugar cane, cereals. Fruit trees, leguminous plants. Benefits that these plants provide to man.
	Q) The growing of roses, carnations and other flowers.
4^th Year	A) Brief explanations about the electric bell, telephone, telegraph, lightning rod, pendulum, clock, electric light and power, air circulation, air heating, gas lighting, the vapor pressure of water, the corrosive action of acids and alkalis; the dissolving power of alcohol and turpentine essence, etc.; steam and electricity applications, etc.
	B) Animal classification: elementary study of the main classes of vertebrates.
	C) Elementary study of the human skeleton.
	D) General characteristics of the invertebrates.
	E) Respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems.
	F) Elementary study of the senses.
	G) Planting and growing of fruit trees and more useful vegetables typical of our climate. Planting season and growing processes. Pruning process season.
	H) Fertilizers.
	I) Hygiene of houses, clothes and food. Physical exercises, the need for them, and their benefits. Rest and sleep.
	J) Insects that transmit diseases.
	K) Contagious and infectious diseases; malaria, tuberculosis, trachoma, leprosy; means for preventing them, and how to treat them.
	L) Antiophidic, anti-diphtheria and anti-tetanus serum; rabies and its preventive treatment.
	M) Vaccination against smallpox and typhoid fever.
	N) Urgent care in case of injuries, fractures, vertigo, burns and asphyxia.
	O) Care with injuries to the feet and hands; use of hydrophilic cotton, gauze, bandages, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, etc.