<i>Phytophthora capsici</i>: the diseases it causes and management strategies to produce healthier vegetable crops

Saltos, Luis Alberto; Monteros-Altamirano, Álvaro; Reis, Ailton; Garcés-Fiallos, Felipe R

doi:10.1590/s0102-0536-20220101

Luis Alberto Saltos

Technical University of Manabí, Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Experimental Campus La Teodomira, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Km 13.5, Santa Ana, Manabí, Ecuador, Postal code: EC130105; felipe.garces@utm.edu.ec(author for correspondence)

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-3304

Álvaro Monteros-Altamirano

Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias(INIAP), Departamento Nacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos(DENAREF), Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Quito, Ecuador

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-3513

Ailton Reis

Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brasil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5705-3002

Felipe R Garcés-Fiallos

Technical University of Manabí, Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Experimental Campus La Teodomira, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Km 13.5, Santa Ana, Manabí, Ecuador, Postal code: EC130105; felipe.garces@utm.edu.ec(author for correspondence)

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1795-4439

Figures (5)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Symptoms caused by Phytophthora capsici in cucurbits and solanaceous plants: (A) wilt, (B) root rot, (C) crown and stem rot, and (D) leaf blight on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum); (E) damping-off on zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo); Fruit rot on (F) chili and (G) sweet pepper (Capsicum spp.), (H) eggplant (Solanum melongena), (I) cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and (J) pumpkin (C. maxima) plants. Source: Unpublished photographs from the authors. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

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Figure 2
Commercial hybrids of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) Nathalie (resistant), Quetzal and Marcato (susceptible) showing a differentiated response to Phytophthora capsici.

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Figure 3
Sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum) affected by Phytophthora capsici under field conditions: (A) plant affected in a plantation with a drip irrigation system, (B) high incidence of wilt in pepper plants due to improper use of gravity (furrow) irrigation, and (C) excessive application of water in a gravity irrigation system. Source: Unpublished photographs from the authors. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

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Figure 4
(A and B) Preparation of raised beds with plastic mulch for the establishment of pepper (Capsicum annuum), (C) tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and (D) watermelon (Citrullus sp.) crops with plasticulture system. Source: Unpublished photographs from the authors. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

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Figure 5
Management methods to reduce epidemics associated with Phytophthora capsici and to increment the fruit yield and the economic return in horticultural crops. Source: Unpublished figure from the authors. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

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Table 1
Registered fungicides for use in the management of diseases caused by P. capsici. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

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Table 2
Strategies for managing Phytophthora capsici infection in vegetables in addition to the chemical control. Ecuador, Technical University of Manabí, 2018-2020.

Active ingredients^*†	Mode of action group (FRAC) ^‡	Target site action (FRAC) ^‡	FRAC code no. and group name^‡	Chemical (sub-) group^‡	Resistance Risk^‡	Toxicological class
Cymoxanil^*†	Unknown	Unknown	27	Cyanoacetamide-oxime	Low to medium	III
Copper preparations^*†	M: Multi-Site Activity	Unknown	M01	Inorganic	Low	III
Dimethomorph	H: Cell wall biosynthesis	H5: Cellulose synthase	40	Cinnamic acid amides	Low to medium	III
Fosetyl-Al^†	P: Host plant defence induction	Unknown	P07	Ethyl phosphonates	Low	III
Mancozeb^*†	M: Multi-Site Activity	Unknown	M03	Dithiocarbamates	Low	IV
Mandipropami^†	H: Cell wall biosynthesis	H5: Cellulose synthase	40	Mandelic acid amides	Low to medium	IV
Metalaxyl^†	A: Nucleic acids metabolism	A1: RNA polymerase I	4	Acylalanines	High	III
Propamocarb^*†	F: Lipid synthesis or transport / membrane integrity or function	F4: Cell membrane permeability, fatty acids	28	Carbamates	Low to medium	IV

Plant stage	Strategies	References
Before planting	Protective seed treatment (chemical and biological)	*Mao et al.* (1998**MAO, W; LUMSDEN, RD; LEWIS, JA; HEBBAR, PK. 1998. Seed treatment using pre-infiltration and biocontrol agents to reduce damping-off of corn caused by species of Pythium and Fusarium. Plant Disease 82: 294-299. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.294 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.3.2... )
	Selection of resistant cultivars	*Granke et al.* (2012a**GRANKE, LL; QUESADA‐OCAMPO, LM; LAMOUR, K; HAUSBECK, MK. 2012a. Advances in research on Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops in the United States. Plant Disease 95: 1588‐1600. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0211-FE https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0211-... )
	Choice of soils without a history of P. capsici Control of machinery and equipment movement between crop areas	Ristaino & Jonhston (1999RISTAINO, JB; JOHNSTON, SA. 1999. Ecologically based approaches to management of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper. Plant Disease 83: 1080-1089. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1080 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.... )
	Sowing in raised beds	Ristaino & Jonhston (1999RISTAINO, JB; JOHNSTON, SA. 1999. Ecologically based approaches to management of Phytophthora blight on bell pepper. Plant Disease 83: 1080-1089. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.1080 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.12.... )
	Use of plastic or vegetable coverage	*Núñez-Zofío et al.* (2011)**NÚÑEZ-ZOFÍO, M; LARREGLA, S; GARBISU, C. 2011. Application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching reduces the incidence of Phytophthora capsici in pepper crops under temperate climate. Crop protection 30: 1563-1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.08.020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.08...
Crop development and reproduction	Frequent monitoring of disease incidence	Hausbeck & Lamour (2004HAUSBECK, MK; LAMOUR, KH. 2004. Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops: Research progress and management challenges. Plant Disease 88: 1292-1303. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1292 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.... )
	Irrigation at long intervals, avoiding saturation of the soil	*Café Filho et al. (1995)*CAFÉ-FILHO, A; DUNIWAY, JM; DAVIS, RM. 1995. Effects of the frequency of furrow irrigation on root and fruits rots of squash caused by Phytophthora capsici. Plant Disease 79: 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-79-0044 https://doi.org/10.1094/PD-79-0044...
	Irrigation water free of P. capsici	*Granke et al. (2012a*GRANKE, LL; QUESADA‐OCAMPO, LM; LAMOUR, K; HAUSBECK, MK. 2012a. Advances in research on Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops in the United States. Plant Disease 95: 1588‐1600. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0211-FE https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-02-12-0211-... )
	Removal of infected plants and fruits	Hausbeck & Lamour (2004HAUSBECK, MK; LAMOUR, KH. 2004. Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops: Research progress and management challenges. Plant Disease 88: 1292-1303. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.1292 https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2004.88.12.... )
	Application of antagonistic microorganisms	Sanogo & Bosland (2013SANOGO, S; BOSLAND, PW. 2013. Biology and management of Phytophthora capsici in the Southwestern USA. In: LAMOUR, K(ed). Phytophthora: a global perspective. London, UK: CABI International. p. 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780640938.0087 https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780640938.00... )

[TFN1] *Active ingredients registered in Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA-Brazil, 2021MAPA. 2021. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Available at: Available at: https://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrofit_cons/principal_agrofit_cons . AccessedJuly 02, 2021.
https://agrofit.agricultura.gov.br/agrof... ). †Active ingredients registered in the Ecuadorian Agency for the Quality Assurance of Agriculture (Agrocalidad 2021Agrocalidad. 2021. Registro de insumos agropecuarios. Available at: Available at: https://www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/366-2 . Accessed January 02, 2021.
https://www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/366-2... ). ^‡Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC 2020FRAC. 2020. Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and mode of action. Available at: Available at: https://www.frac.info/ . AccessedJuly 02, 2021.
https://www.frac.info/... ).

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Phytophthora capsici: the diseases it causes and management strategies to produce healthier vegetable crops

Phytophthora capsici: as doenças que causa e estratégias de manejo para produzir hortaliças mais saudáveis

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