Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE): desafio global e contemporâneo às cadeias produtivas e ao ambiente urbano

Franz, Nádia Mara; Silva, Christian Luiz da

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Brasil

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Sumário

ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Gest. Prod. 29 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e6621 copiar

Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE): desafio global e contemporâneo às cadeias produtivas e ao ambiente urbano

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

Nos últimos anos, os Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE) cresceram três vezes mais rápido que a população mundial e 13% mais que o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) mundial. Somente 17,4% desses resíduos são tratados adequadamente e o despejo incerto impõe riscos ao meio-ambiente e à saúde humana. O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar um alinhamento sobre a geração, gestão e legislações aplicadas aos REEE e sua interface com o eco-design, produção mais limpa e logística reversa. A metodologia tem abordagem qualitativa baseada na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental alinhada ao protocolo Prisma. Os resultados apontam que a industrialização, maiores níveis de renda da população em crescente urbanização levam ao aumento do consumo de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos, que associados aos curtos ciclos de vida desses equipamentos, dificuldades de reciclagem e de infraestrutura física e legal geram o aumento exponencial das REEE. Nesse cenário, os preceitos da economia circular surgem como uma rota de solução a essa problemática mundial.

Palavras-chave:
Resíduos de Equipamentos Elétricos e Eletrônicos (REEE); Cidades; Economia circular; Sustentabilidade

Country	WEEE (kt)	WEEE per capita (kg)	Population (millions)	GDP (millions of US$)	Per Capita GDP (US$)	% of urban and rural population
United States	6,918	21.0	328,239.52	21,433,226.00	65,297.5	82.46-17.54
China	10,129	7.2	1433.78	14,342,902.84	10,216.7	58.79-41.21
India	3,230	2.4	1 366.42	2,875,142.31	2,099.6	34.47-65.53
Brazil	2,143	10.2	211,049.53	1,839,758.04	8,717.2	86.83-13.17

Dimension	Global discussions	Authors/Organs
Concept and categories	EEE or its end-of-life parts that have been discarded by the owner are considered WEEE (e-waste).	Baldé et al. (2017)Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Ilankoon et al. (2018)Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018. PMid:30509588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.... , Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Xavier et al. (2017Xavier, L. H., Lins, F. A. F., Nascimento, H. F. F., Bellan, I. O., Ribeiro, F., Caldas, M. B., Silva, L. O. S., Zomer, B., Araujo, R. A., Dias Filho, O. O., Reinol, P. C., Fagundes, R. L., & Gusmão, A. C. F. (2017). Manual para a destinação de resíduos eletroeletrônicos: orientação ao cidadão sobre como dispor adequadamente os resíduos eletroeletrônicos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Cetem. Retrieved in 2021, November 6, from http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/bitstream/cetem/2119/1/Manual%20para%20a%20destina%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20de%20res%c3%adduos%20eletr%c3%b4nicos.pdf http://mineralis.cetem.gov.br/bitstream/... , 2019aXavier, L. H., Ottoni, M., & Nascimento, H. (2019a). Metodologia para a identificação e categorização das empresas atuantes na gestão de resíduos de equipamentos. In 2º Congresso Sul-Americano de Resíduos Sólidos e Sustentabilidade. Bauru: IBEAS. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from http://www.ibeas.org.br/conresol/conresol2019/II-014.pdf http://www.ibeas.org.br/conresol/conreso... )
Concept and categories	Classification of EEE and WEEE follow common production line and recycling characteristics.
Global scenario of WEEE	Income levels, advances in technology and urbanization influence WEEE generation.	Baldé et al. (2017)Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Kuehr, R., & Stegmann, P. (2017). The global e-waste monitor 2017: quantities, flows and resources. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., United Nations (2021)United Nations. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.un.org/ https://www.un.org/... .
GDP, Per Capital GDP, population and urbanization	Higher individual income and urbanization further increase the generation of WEEE, which surpasses the country’s GDP and population growth.	Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Kusch & Hills (2017)Kusch, S., & Hills, C. D. (2017). The link between e-waste and GDP: new insights from data from the pan-European region. Resources, 6(2), 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources6020015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources60200... , Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA).
WEEE management	The global issue of WEEE management is related to the themes of Agenda 21 and SDGs, specifically the management of environmental and human health risks, economic feasibility, finite resources, the circular economy, informal sector, urban mining, secondary market, and illegal trade.	Cossu & Williams (2015)Cossu, R., & Williams, I. D. (2015). Urban mining: concepts, terminology, challenges. Waste Management. Editorial., 45, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.040. PMid:26505691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.... , Kumar et al. (2017)Kumar, A., Holuszko, M., & Espinosa, D. C. R. (2017). E-waste: an overview on generation, collection, legislation and recycling practices. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 122, 32-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.01.018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.20... , Ilankoon et al. (2018)Ilankoon, I. M. S. K., Ghorbani, Y., Chong, M. N., Herath, G., Moyo, T., & Petersen, J. (2018). E-waste in the international context–A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. Waste Management, 82, 258-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018. PMid:30509588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.... , Steuer et al. (2018)Steuer, B., Ramusch, R., & Salhofer, S. (2018). Is there a future for the informal recycling sector in urban China? Detritus, 4, 189-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13725. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/201... , Caetano et al. (2019)Caetano, M. O., Leon, L. G. D., Padilha, D. W., & Gomes, L. P. (2019). Análises de risco na operação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REEE). Gestão & Produção, 26(2), 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x3018-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-530x3018-... , Silva et al. (2019)Silva, C. L., Weins, N., & Potinkara, M. (2019). Formalizing the informal? A perspective on informal waste management in the BRICS through the lens of institutional economics. Waste Management, 99, 79-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.023. PMid:31473484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.... , Silva (2019)Silva, C. L. (2019). Política pública para o planejamento urbano territorial a partir da economia circular: reflexões e alinhamentos propositivos para as cidades brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Gestão e Desenvolvimento Regional, 15(6), 159-172. Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/rbgdr/article/view/5192 https://www.rbgdr.net/revista/index.php/... , Xavier et al. (2019b)Xavier, L. Y., Jacobi, P. R., & Turra, A. (2019b). Local Agenda 21: planning for the future, changing today. Environmental Science & Policy, 101, 7-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.07.006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.... , Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Ottoni et al. (2020)Ottoni, M., Dias, P., & Xavier, L. H. (2020). A circular approach to the e-waste valorization through urban mining in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 120990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020... , Abalansa et al. (2021)Abalansa, S., El Mahrad, B., Icely, J., & Newton, A. (2021). Electronic Waste, an Environmental Problem Exported to Developing Countries: the GOOD, the BAD and the UGLY. Sustainability, 13(9), 5302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095302... , MNCR (2021)Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis – MNCR. (2021). São Paulo. Retrieved in 2021, July 23, from http://www.mncr.org.br/ http://www.mncr.org.br/... , United Nations (2021)United Nations. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 4, from https://www.un.org/ https://www.un.org/... .
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	Predominant management of Extended Producer Responsibility in both cases. Brazil embraces shared responsibility.
	Developed countries: specific laws for WEEE management starting in the 2000s and advancing towards regulations aligned with the circular economy from the beginning of the production cycle. Collection and treatment are undertaken by formal sectors.
	Developing countries: specific laws for the management of WEEE from the late 2000s. Emphasis on proper management of hazardous waste and recycling of materials. The collection and treatment of electronic waste are largely undertaken by informal sectors. Legislation advances from the treatment of WEEE to the circular economy.
Eco-design	Eco-design: projects that include replacing raw materials with more sustainable materials, reducing product and packaging volume, extending the shelf life of products, designing for reuse, remanufacturing and recycling.	Moreno et al. (2016)Moreno, M., De los Rios, C., Rowe, Z., & Charnley, F. (2016). A conceptual framework for circular design. Sustainability, 8(9), 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8090937... , Den Hollander et al. (2017)Den Hollander, M. C., Bakker, C. A., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). Product design in a circular economy: development of a typology of key concepts and terms. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 517-525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12610... , Gu et al. (2017)Gu, F., Ma, B., Guo, J., Summers, P. A., & Hall, P. (2017). Internet of things and Big Data as potential solutions to the problems in waste electrical and electronic equipment management: an exploratory study. Waste Management, 68, 434-448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.07.037. PMid:28757222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.... , Kapuran (2018)Kapuran, G. A. (2018). Eco-design in electrical and electronic products. Tehnika, 73(2), 285-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802285K. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika1802285... , Wastling et al. (2018)Wastling, T., Charnley, F., & Moreno, M. (2018). Design for circular behaviour: considering users in a circular economy. Sustainability, 10(6), 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061743... , Forti et al. (2020)Forti, V., Baldé, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The global e-waste monitor 2020. Bonn: United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)., Micheaux & Aggeri (2021)Micheaux, H., & Aggeri, F. (2021). Eco-modulation as a driver for eco-design: a dynamic view of the French collective EPR scheme. Journal of Cleaner Production, 289, 125714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020... , European Commission (2021b)European Commission. (2021b). Sustainable product policy & eco-design. Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sustainability/product-policy-and-ecodesign_en https://ec.europa.eu/growth/industry/sus... , Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2021)Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2021). Retrieved in 2021, April 22, from https://www.circulardesignguide.com/ https://www.circulardesignguide.com/... .
Cleaner production	Cleaner Production: optimizing production processes and reducing the costs involved. Use of advanced technologies to produce more efficient and sustainable EEE and promote the reuse of WEEE.	Alves & Oliveira (2007)Alves, S. M., & Oliveira, J. F. G. D. (2007). Adequação ambiental dos processos usinagem utilizando Produção mais limpa como estratégia de gestão ambiental. Production, 17(1), 129-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007000100009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007... , Silva et al. (2015)Silva, A. L. E., Moraes, J. A. R., & Machado, Ê. L. (2015). Proposta de produção mais limpa voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 20(1), 29-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015020000087843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522015... , Hens et al. (2018)Hens, L., Block, C., Cabello-Eras, J. J., Sagastume-Gutierez, A., Garcia-Lorenzo, D., Chamorro, C., Herrera Mendoza, K., Haeseldonckx, D., & Vandecasteele, C. (2018). On the evolution of “Cleaner Production” as a concept and a practice. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3323-3333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017... , Rajput & Singh (2020)Rajput, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Industry 4.0 model for circular economy and cleaner production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 277, 123853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020... , Shayganmehr et al. (2021)Shayganmehr, M., Kumar, A., Garza-Reyes, J. A., & Moktadir, M. A. (2021). Industry 4.0 enablers for a cleaner production and circular economy within the context of business ethics: a study in a developing country. Journal of Cleaner Production, 281, 125280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020... .
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	Reverse Logistics: reverse flow of WEEE to producers for the reuse of their materials or environmentally safe disposal.

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[1] Author’s contribuition

Nádia Mara Franz e Christian Luiz da Silva.worked on the conceptualization and theoretical-methodological approach. The theoretical review was conducted by Nádia Mara Franz e Christian Luiz da Silva. Data collection was coordinated by Nádia Mara Franz e Christian Luiz da Silva. Data analysis included Nádia Mara Franz e Christian Luiz da Silva. All authors worked together in the writing and final revision of the manuscript.